ChemSusChem 2025 Jun 05;:e202500588. doi: 10.1002/cssc.202500588.

Sea-urchin-like phosphorus-encapsulated nickel cobalt sulfide nano architectures for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors.

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Herein, we report phosphorus (P)-encapsulated nickel-cobalt sulfides (NCSs) prepared via a hydrothermal process and phosphorized in a tube furnace to produce P@NCS20 (with 20 mM sulfur source). The P@NCS20 material was synthesized through a meticulous multistep process, ensuring precise control of its material properties. Extensive characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of P, which significantly enhanced the electrochemical performance of the electrode. Field-emission scanning electron microscope images revealed an agglomerated nanoneedle-like structure resembling a sea urchin, which eases swift ion migration. The electrochemical evaluation demonstrated the superior performance of the P@NCS20 electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves revealed enhanced oxidation/reduction behavior and high areal capacity. Electrochemical testing showed that the redox reaction happens faster, the electrode-electrolyte resistance decreases, and the battery can last for over 5,000 cycles. A hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) constructed with P@NCS20 and AC/nickel foam electrodes showed a specific capacitance of 95.93 F g-1 at 3 mA cm-2. This showed excellent cycling stability. The HSC device verified practical feasibility by efficiently storing solar energy and continuously powering electronic devices. This study highlights the potential of P@NCS electrode materials in advanced energy storage systems and offers a systematic and reproducible synthesis method.

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