Animals (Basel) 2025 Apr 13;158:. doi: 10.3390/ani15081121.

Underwater Weight Estimation of Three Sea Cucumber Species in Culture Tanks Using Image Analysis and ArUco Markers.

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Sea cucumbers play a vital role in marine and coastal ecosystems, with some species holding significant economic value. Accurate growth assessment, particularly weight estimation, is crucial for their management and conservation. However, direct measurement poses challenges, as sea cucumbers expel internal fluids when handled, altering their body size and weight. This study evaluates the effectiveness of image analysis combined with ArUco markers to estimate the weight of three economically and ecologically important sea cucumber species found in Thailand: black sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota), pink warty sea cucumber (Cercodemas anceps), and sandfish (Holothuria scabra). The proposed method demonstrated high accuracy, with R2 values of 0.9699, 0.9774, and 0.9882, respectively. Furthermore, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between traditional hand measurements and image-based assessments, with relative errors of 7.71 ± 4.30% for black sea cucumber, 5.06 ± 3.37% for pink warty sea cucumber, and 4.50 ± 3.23% for sandfish. Unlike deep learning, which requires large datasets and high computation, this simple, cost-effective, and adaptable method highlights the potential of image analysis combined with ArUco markers as a non-invasive and accurate tool for estimating sea cucumber weight. This approach minimizes stress on the animals and can be extended to other aquatic species. However, challenges such as shadows, water turbidity, and the presence of similarly shaped objects near sea cucumbers should be considered when applying this technique in field conditions.

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