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Figure 4. MKT may affect classical and non-classical pathways of STAT3 signaling. Adapted from Ref. [42]. Abbreviations: IL-6, interleukin 6; gp130, glycoprotein 130, expressed signal transducer; STAT3, transducer and activator of transcription family 3; JAK, Janus kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; GRIM-19, a cell death regulatory protein; HSP22, heat shock protein; MKT, matrikines A. japonicus; Mitostat3, a small pool of Stat3 was found localized in mitochondria.
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Figure 1. Various types of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) carbohydrate monomers: (a) chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, (b) heparan sulfate/heparin, (c) keratan sulfate, (d) hyaluronic acid. Abbreviations: GlcUA, glucuronic acid; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; IdoUA, iduronic acid; GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; gal, galactose.
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Figure 2. Proposed protective effect of MKT under the conditions of oxidative stress through the AMPK signaling pathway and associated downstream factors. Adapted from Ref. [35]. Abbreviations: ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; AMP, 5′ adenosine monophosphate; ATP, 5′ adenosine triphosphate; AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; MKT, matrikines A. japonicus; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; NRF-1,2, nuclear transcription factors (NRF-1, NRF-2); OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PGC, 1α-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A.
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Figure 3. Possible mechanism of the MKT protective effect on inflammatory processes induced by ROS and inflammatory factors (LPS, NF-κB, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β). Adapted from Ref. [39]. Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; IκB, cytosolic inhibitory protein; IKK, IkappaB kinase; IL, 1β-interleukin-1beta; IL-6, interleukin-6; MKT, matrikines A. japonicus; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor.
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Figure 5. Possible ways of protective action of MKs and MKT in signaling and metabolic pathways under oxidative stress and heavy physical exercise. Adapted from Ref. [34]. Abbreviations: AMP, 5′-adenosine monophosphate; ATP, 5′- adenosine triphosphate; AMPK, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; GSK, 3β-glycogen synthase kinase 3β; MKT, matrikines A. japonicus; mTOR, the mammalian target of rapamycin; NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor 1; parkin, ubiquitin ligase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK4, pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PINK1, intimately involved with mitochondrial quality control by identifying damaged mitochondria and targeting specific mitochondria for degradation, PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; SIRT1, deacetylates transcription factors that contribute to cellular regulation (reaction to stressors, longevity).
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Figure 6. Adaptogenic mechanisms of the protective effect of MKs and MKT on the human body during oxidative stress, which causes fatigue and loss of vitality. Abbreviations: MKT, matrikines A. japonicus; SOD, superoxide dismutase.
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Figure 7. A generalized scheme for Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperone action on protein clients. Adapted from Ref. [53]. Abbreviations: Hsc70, heat shock cognate 71 kDa; Hsp (Hsp70 and Hsp90), chaperones (heat shock proteins); LAMP2A, lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A; Tom (Tom20, Tom22, and Tom70), translocases of the outer mitochondrial membrane; TRAP1, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1.
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