Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Sci Rep
2024 Oct 25;141:25325. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-74100-5.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Toxigenic effects of sponges and benthic diatoms on marine invertebrates and their possible biotechnological applications.
Federico S
,
Siciliano A
,
Esposito R
,
Spampinato M
,
Ruocco N
,
Nuzzo G
,
Cutignano A
,
Giovine M
,
Pozzolini M
,
Bertolino M
,
Guida M
,
Costantini M
,
Zupo V
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Secondary metabolites play important physiological roles being bioactive as defences against other organisms, or attractive signals used for various purposes, including reproduction. Their production and the emission in the environment may be viewed as an adaptive feature subjected to evolutionary selection. They were demonstrated to be useful for applications in various biotechnological fields, such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical. Sponges and microalgae, including diatoms, are the most promising sources of bioactive compounds from the sea. We aimed at detecting the ecotoxicological effects of crude extracts and fractions obtained from three marine sponges, Geodia cydonium, Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti and Agelas oroides and two benthic diatoms, Nanofrustulum shiloi and Cylindrotheca closterium on model marine organisms. We tested their effects on the Mediterranean purple sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, and on two diatoms, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Cylindrotheca closterium, chosen because they are considered standard indicators for assessment of ecological impacts. Our results showed that extracts and fractions from both sponges and diatoms may be harmful for model invertebrates. However, eggs appeared "protected" from sponge allelochemicals when still unfertilized. The majority of sponge fractions exhibited noticeable impacts during the post-fertilization treatments. In contrast, fractions from diatoms notably increased the rate of malformations compared to the control, both in pre- and post-fertilization treatments.
Fig. 1. Post-fertilization exposure of sea urchin P. lividus embryos to the total extracts (AORO EXT) and fractions (AORO 2B, AORO 2 C, AORO 2D, AORO 2E) from A. oroides at the three concentrations tested: C1 = 0.125 mg/L; C2 = 0.250 mg/L; C3 = 0.500 mg/L.
Fig. 2. Pre-fertilization experiments of sea urchin P. lividus embryos to the total extract (AORO EXT) and fractions (AORO 2B, AORO 2 C, AORO 2D, AORO 2E) from A.oroides at the three concentrations: C1 = 0.125 mg/L; C2 = 0.250 mg/L; C3 = 0.500 mg/L.
Fig. 3. Pre-fertilization experiments of sea urchin P. lividus embryos to the total extract (NSHII EXT) and fractions (NSHII 2B, NSHII 2 C, NSHII 2D, NSHII 2E) from N. shiloi at the three concentrations: C1 = 0.125 mg/L; C2 = 0.250 mg/L; C3 = 0.500 mg/L.
Fig. 4. Pre-fertilization experiments of sea urchin P. lividus embryos to the total extract (CCLO EXT) and fractions (CCLO 2B, CCLO 2 C, CCLO 2D, CCLO 2E) from C. closterium at the three concentrations: C1 = 0.125 mg/L; C2 = 0.250 mg/L; C3 = 0.500 mg/L.
Fig. 5. Short-term preliminary tests at the highest concentration (C3 = 0.500 mg/L) of sponge extracts AORO, HVAN, and GCYD on (A) P. tricornutum and (B) C. closterium. Values indicate growth stimulation ± standard deviation. Different letters (a-c) represent statistically different values according to Tukey’s post hoc test.
Fig. 6. Effects of long-term exposure to the fractions from N. shiloi at the three concentrations (C1 = 0.125 mg/L; C2 = 0.250 mg/L; C3 = 0.500 mg/L) on diatoms: (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E) P. tricornutum, and (F), (G), (H), (I), and (J) C. closterium.
Fig. 7. Effects of long-term exposure to the fractions from C. closterium at the three concentrations (C1 = 0.125 mg/L; C2 = 0.250 mg/L; C3 = 0.500 mg/L) on diatoms: (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E) P. tricornutum, and (F), (G), (H), (I), and (J) C. closterium.
Fig. 8. Experimental design showing the main steps of the experimental assay, consisting in collection and culture of samples, chemical extraction and fractionation, and test of the extracts / fractions on sea urchin eggs/embryos and on algal cultures.
