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PLoS One
2024 Jan 01;191:e0296312. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296312.
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Characterization and biological applications of gonadal extract of Paracentrotus lividus collected along the Mediterranean coast of Alexandria, Egypt.
Nagy NS
,
Essawy AE
,
Al-Sherif SS
,
Ali MM
,
Alsawy ES
,
Helal M
.
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Marine invertebrates represent a valuable reservoir of pharmaceutical bioactive compounds with potential relevance to various medical applications. These compounds exhibit notable advantages when compared to their terrestrial counterparts, in terms of their potency, activity, and mechanism of action. Within this context, the present work aimed to extract, chemically characterize, and investigate the bioactivity of the gonadal extract of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (P. lividus) collected along the Mediterranean coast of Alexandria, Egypt. Fractions of the gonadal extract were characterized by Spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their bioactivities were investigated in vitro. The analysis supported the extract richness of carotenoids and bioactive compounds. The extract showed promising anticancer activity against three different breast cancer cell lines with different levels of aggressiveness and causative factors, namely MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, and HCC-1954. Gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR showed that P. lividus extract inhibited the expression of crucial factors involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. In addition, the extract significantly inhibited the lipo-polysaccharides (LPS) induced inflammation in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line and exerted anti-bacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Collectively, these results demonstrated the chemical richness and the wide-scale applicability of P. lividus gonadal extract as an anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory natural extract.
Fig 1. GC-MS chromatogram of P. lividus gonadal extract.Briefly: P. lividus gonads were freshly dissected under cooling conditions and extracted with acetone and Methyl tertiary-butyl ether then the organic extract was concentrated under nitrogen gas and applied to GC-MS analysis (A). Examples of the anti-inflammatory B) palmitoleic acid, anti-bacterial C) Octadecanoic acid, D) palmitic acid, and, anticancer compound E) 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester.
Fig 2. Invitro anticancer activity of P. lividus gonad extract on different breast cancer cell lines.A)
P. lividus gonadal extract effect on different breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, and HCC-1954. B, C, D) The extract inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, and HCC-1954 cells, the effect was dose-dependent, 400 μg/ml and 600 μg/ml were the most effective doses. E, F) Gene expression of Bcl2, ATM, ATR, BRCA1, CDK1, CDK4, CYCB1, and P21 in MDA-MB-231 and HCC-1954 breast cancer cell lines after treatment with P. lividus gonadal extract. Scale bar: 100 μm, invitro cell culture test, and RT-qPCR were performed in triplicates, significance: p ≤ 0.05.
Fig 3. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect of P. lividus gonad extract on different microbial species and NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line.A) The inhibition zone of some Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans to P. lividus gonadal extract. B) the minimum inhibition concentration of P. lividus gonadal extract for each microorganism. C) Anti-inflammatory activity of P. lividus gonadal extract different concentrations represented as NO% inhibition. Invitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory tests were performed in triplicates, significance: p ≤ 0.05.
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