Dev Growth Differ 1982 Jan 01;245:419-428. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-169X.1982.00419.x.

Regulation of Sperm Motility in Starfish. I. Initiation of Movement: (starfish sperm/seminal plasma/sperm propulsion/sperm best frequency).

???displayArticle.abstract???
Starfish seminal plasma has such characteristics as higher concentration of potassium ions, higher osmolality, and lower pH compared with those of sea water. These factors independently inhibited the movement of spermatozoa. Sperm movement was recorded by taking photographs of the swimming paths under a dark field microscope. Spermatozoa either did not move or swam with decreased beat frequency in isolated seminal plasma or in the presence of certain fractions of seminal plasma obtained by gel-filtration or by partitions. In normal sea water (containing calcium ions), a low pH of less than 6 resulted in a decrease in the number (%) of swimming spermatozoa, though the speed of propulsion and the beat frequency was not affected. On the other hand, in a calcium-free sea water, a large proportion of spermatozoa moved in both low and high pH conditions, but in low pH the speed of propulsion was reduced and many spermatozoa (31 %) swam in smaller circles.

???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 37281511
???displayArticle.link??? Dev Growth Differ