Dev Growth Differ 1983 Jan 01;256:571-583. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-169X.1983.00571.x.

Fusion of Spermatozoa with Embryonic Cells and Somatic Cells in the Sea Urchin: (fertilization/re-fertilization/acrosome reaction/sea urchin).

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Spermatozoa can enter the separated blastomeres of 8- and 16-cell stage embryos, the cells of blastulae and even somatic cells of the oesophagus wall of an adult sea urchin, under certain conditions. In the presence of egg jelly solution, the rate of entrance of spermatozoa is remarkably increased. In the case of the blastomere of 8-cell stage embryos, characteristic cytoplasmic protrusions are formed at the sites of sperm entry, in succession to the formation of the cytoplasmic bulge. These protrusions elongate until 4 min after insemination, and then they retract gradually. The nucleus of penetrated sperm swells and decondenses to form a pronucleus. In most cases, the pronucleus seems to fuse with the preexisting diploid nucleus of the blastomere. When the dissociated oesophagus cells were inseminated, a certain type of the cells was found to fuse with spermatozoa, although the percentage of fused cells was very low.

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