Leach TS and Hofmann GE (2023), Marine heatwave temperatures enhance larval per...

ECB-ART-51702

Front Physiol 2023 Jan 01;14:1230590. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1230590.

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Marine heatwave temperatures enhance larval performance but are meditated by paternal thermal history and inter-individual differences in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Leach TS , Hofmann GE .

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Marine heatwave (MHW) events, characterized by periods of anomalous temperatures, are an increasingly prevalent threat to coastal marine ecosystems. Given the seasonal phenology of MHWs, the full extent of their biological consequences may depend on how these thermal stress events align with an organism's reproductive cycle. In organisms with more complex life cycles (e.g., many marine invertebrate species) the alignment of adult and larval environments may be an important factor determining offspring success, setting the stage for MHW events to influence reproduction and development in situ. Here, the influence of MHW-like temperatures on the early development of the California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, were explored within the context of paternal thermal history. Based on temperature data collected during MHW events seen in Southern California from 2014-2020, adult urchins were acclimated to either MHW or non-MHW temperatures for 28 days before their sperm was used to produce embryos that were subsequently raised under varying thermal conditions. Once offspring reached an early larval stage, the impact of paternal and offspring environments were assessed on two aspects of offspring performance: larval size and thermal tolerance. Exposure to elevated temperatures during early development resulted in larger, more thermally tolerant larvae, with further influences of paternal identity and thermal history, respectively. The alignment of paternal and offspring exposure to MHW temperatures had additional positive benefits on larval thermal tolerance, but this tolerance significantly decreased when their thermal experience mismatched. As the highest recorded temperatures within past MHW events have occurred during the gametogenesis of many kelp forest benthic marine invertebrate species, such as the purple sea urchin, such parental mediated impacts may represent important drivers of future recruitment and population composition for these species.

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	FIGURE 1. Experimental Design. Across three rounds, male purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) were acclimated to either a non-MHW (14°C) or MHW-like (20°C) temperature treatment for 28 days. In each round, sperm from individual males (n = 3 male urchins/temperature treatment) were collected and crossed with pooled eggs from five female urchins in a split-clutch breeding design. Fertilizations by each male and the resulting embryos were then raised under the same non-MHW (13°C) and MHW-like (20°C) temperature conditions experienced during adult acclimation. Offspring were raised under these conditions, in duplicate culture vessels, until being sampled at the echinopluteus larval stage for various performance metrics.
	FIGURE 2. Effect of paternal acclimation (non-MHW, 14°C; MHW-like, 20°C) and larval rearing temperature (non-MHW, 13°C; MHW-like, 20°C) treatments on the lethal thermal limit (LT50) of echinopluteus larvae in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Data points represent average LT50 across larvae from individual males (n = 9 male urchins/paternal treatment) and error bars represent mean ± standard error.
	FIGURE 3. Effect of paternal and offspring temperature treatments on larval arm length in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Bars show standard error of the mean. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.001) in arm length between treatments, based on a post hoc Tukey test.
	FIGURE 4. The effect of individual male identity and larval temperature treatment (14°C or 20°C) on echinopluteus arm length in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Datapoints represent average arm lengths of offspring produced by individual sires (n = 9 individual male urchins/paternal treatment) and plots are separated by paternal acclimation temperatures, non-MHW (14°C) and MHW-like (20°C). Error bars are representative of mean ± standard error. ANOVA results with significant p-values are displayed on the graph.

References [+] :

Abdelgalil, Sea urchin sperm exploit extremum seeking control to find the egg. 2022, Pubmed, Echinobase