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PeerJ
2023 Jan 01;11:e14548. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14548.
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Heat stress does not induce wasting symptoms in the giant California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus).
Dawson Taylor D
,
Farr JJ
,
Lim EG
,
Fleet JL
,
Smith Wuitchik SJ
,
Wuitchik DM
.
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Oceanic heatwaves have significant impacts on disease dynamics in marine ecosystems. Following an extreme heatwave in Nanoose Bay, British Columbia, Canada, a severe sea cucumber wasting event occurred that resulted in the mass mortality of Apostichopus californicus. Here, we sought to determine if heat stress in isolation could trigger wasting symptoms in A. californicus. We exposed sea cucumbers to (i) a simulated marine heatwave (22 °C), (ii) an elevated temperature treatment (17 °C), or (iii) control conditions (12 °C). We measured the presence of skin lesions, mortality, posture maintenance, antipredator defences, spawning, and organ evisceration during the 79-hour thermal exposure, as well as 7-days post-exposure. Both the 22 °C and 17 °C treatments elicited stress responses where individuals exhibited a reduced ability to maintain posture and an increase in stress spawning. The 22 °C heatwave was particularly stressful, as it was the only treatment where mortality was observed. However, none of the treatments induced wasting symptoms as observed in the Nanoose Bay event. This study provides evidence that sea cucumber wasting may not be triggered by heat stress in isolation, leaving the cause of the mass mortality event observed in Nanoose unknown.
Figure 1. Temperature anomalies and sea cucumber wasting.(A) Map of western North America with (B) an inset of Vancouver Island showing the data collection locations of Bamfield Inlet (green), Nanoose Bay (purple). (C) A. californicus in Nanoose Bay exhibiting wasting symptoms. (D) Eight-day rolling average seasonal sea surface temperatures in Nanoose Bay from 2010 to 2020 (black line with grey SE ribbon) and 2021 (colour gradient line), with experimental temperature treatments highlighted.
Figure 2. Skin ulcers observed in Apostichopus californicus across treatments.(A) Minor ulcer count, defined as small lesions on the ends of spines (B). (C) Major ulcer count, defined as open wounds that expose white subdermal tissue (D).
Figure 3. Stiffness and mortality of Apostichopus californicus.Heat ramp (day 1), during temperature stress (days 2–4), and recovery (days 5–7) from the temperature treatment.
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