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Int J Mol Sci
2023 Feb 18;244:. doi: 10.3390/ijms24044136.
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Polymer Chemical Identity as a Key Factor in Microplastic-Insecticide Antagonistic Effects during Embryogenesis of Sea Urchin Arbacia lixula.
Burić P
,
Kovačić I
,
Jurković L
,
Tez S
,
Oral R
,
Landeka N
,
Lyons DM
.
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As a proxy for pollutants that may be simultaneously present in urban wastewater streams, the effects of two microplastics-polystyrene (PS; 10, 80 and 230 μm diameter) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA; 10 and 50 μm diameter)-on fertilisation and embryogenesis in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula with co-exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin were investigated. Synergistic or additive effects were not seen for plastic microparticles (50 mg L-1) in combination with cypermethrin (10 and 1000 μg L-1) based on evaluation of skeletal abnormalities or arrested development and death of significant numbers of larvae during the embryotoxicity assay. This behaviour was also apparent for male gametes pretreated with PS and PMMA microplastics and cypermethrin, where a reduction in sperm fertilisation ability was not evidenced. However, a modest reduction in the quality of the offspring was noted, suggesting that there may be some transmissible damage to the zygotes. PMMA microparticles were more readily taken up than PS microparticles, which could suggest surface chemical identity as potentially modulating the affinity of larvae for specific plastics. In contrast, significantly reduced toxicity was noted for the combination of PMMA microparticles and cypermethrin (100 μg L-1), and may be related to less ready desorption of the pyrethroid than PS, as well as cypermethrin activating mechanisms that result in reduced feeding and hence decreased ingestion of microparticles.
Figure 1. (a) Absorbance (mean ± SD) at a wavelength of 279 nm as a function of cypermethrin (γ0(Cyp) = [Cyp]) added to 10 μm polystyrene (PS10) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA10) microparticle suspensions. (b) Surface concentration (mean ± SD) of cypermethrin (Γ) on microplastics with respect to cypermethrin concentration (ceq) in solution.
Figure 2. (a) Langmuir and (b) Freundlich adsorption isotherms for cypermethrin on 10 μm polystyrene (PS10) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA10) microparticles.
Figure 3. Percentage (mean ± SD) of normally developed plutei larvae after 72 h exposure to various concentrations of 10 and 50 μm PMMA microparticles (C—control). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Figure 4. Percentage (mean ± SD) of normally developed plutei larvae after 72 h exposure to various concentrations of 10, 80 and 230 μm PS microparticles (C—control). * p < 0.05.
Figure 5. Percentage (mean ± SD) of normally developed plutei larvae after 72 h co-exposure to 50 mg L−1 microparticles and various concentrations of cypermethrin (C—control, Cyp—cypermethrin only). Significant differences compared to the control (** p < 0.01) are shown at the top of the columns, while significant differences compared to cypermethrin only (* p < 0.05) are denoted by the horizontal bars.
Figure 6. Representative images of A. lixula embryos with (a) ingested 10 μm PMMA microparticles (indicated by arrow) and (b) lack of ingestion after co-exposure to microparticles and cypermethrin (scale bar 100 μm).
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