Pereira RC et al. (2023), Chemical Defense against Herbivory in the Brown...

ECB-ART-51557

Plants (Basel) 2023 Feb 28;125:. doi: 10.3390/plants12051073.

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Chemical Defense against Herbivory in the Brown Marine Macroalga Padina gymnospora Could Be Attributed to a New Hydrocarbon Compound.

Pereira RC , Paradas WC , de Carvalho RT , de Lima Moreira D , Kelecom A , Passos RMF , Atella GC , Salgado LT .

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Brown marine macroalga Padina gymnospora (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta) produces both secondary metabolites (phlorotannins) and precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3-aragonite) on its surface as potential defensive strategies against herbivory. Here, we have evaluated the effect of natural concentrations of organic extracts (dichloromethane-DI; ethyl acetate-EA and methanol-ME, and three isolated fractions) and mineralized tissues of P. gymnospora as chemical and physical resistance, respectively, against the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus through experimental laboratory feeding bioassays. Fatty acids (FA), glycolipids (GLY), phlorotannins (PH) and hydrocarbons (HC) were also characterized and/or quantified in extracts and fractions from P. gymnospora using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (CG/MS) or GC coupled to flame ionization detector (FID) and chemical analysis. Our results showed that chemicals from the EA extract of P. gymnospora were significantly important in reducing consumption by L. variegatus, but the CaCO3 did not act as a physical protection against consumption by this sea urchin. An enriched fraction containing 76% of the new hydrocarbon 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-heneicosatetraene exhibited a significant defensive property, while other chemicals found in minor amounts, such as GLY, PH, saturated and monounsaturated FAs and CaCO3 did not interfere with the susceptibility of P. gymnospora to L. variegatus consumption. We suggest that the unsaturation of the 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-heneicosatetraene from P. gymnospora is probably an important structural characteristic responsible for the defensive property verified against the sea urchin.

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	Figure 1. Effect of P. gymnospora extracts (dichloromethane DI, ethyl acetate EA and methanol ME) on the consumption by the sea urchin L. variegatus. Controls: CRTL, only grounded U. fasciata with solvent (CTRL ME) and without solvents (CTRL). Different letters above bars indicate distinct consumption (p < 0.05). Values are means and standard deviation of n = 10.
	Figure 2. Effect of fatty acid fractions (FA1, FA2 and FA3) from EA extract of P. gymnospora on the consumption by L. variegatus. Controls: only grounded U. fasciata with (CTRL ME) and without methanol (CTRL). Asterisk indicate distinct consumption (p < 0.05). Values are means and standard deviation of n = 10.
	Figure 3. Mean percentage (%) mass eaten of mineralized (MIN) and demineralized (DEM) tissues of P. gymnospora and control (CTRL—U. fasciata) by L. variegatus. Different letters indicate distinct consumption (p < 0.05). Values are means and standard deviation of n = 10.
	Figure 4. Chemical structure of the new compound 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-heneicosatetraene isolated from P. gymnospora.
	Figure 5. (A) Mass (MS) data of P. gymnospora FA3 major peak (attributed to 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-heneicosatetraene). (B) The NIST suggestion for FA3 major peak (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid or arachidonic acid, C20:4).
	Figure 6. Chromatograms (CG/MS) of the fraction FA3 from P. gymnospora in (A) Low magnification; (B) Higher magnification. The chromatogram of the major compound 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-heneicosatetraene (C21:4 HC, (B)) was superimposed with a FAs standards chromatogram obtained in the same conditions [(B) C16:0 = palmitic acid, C18:1 (n-9) = oleic acid, and C18:0 = stearic acid]. TIC = total ion chromatogram.