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Mar Drugs
2023 Feb 23;213:. doi: 10.3390/md21030140.
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Possible Mechanisms of Stiffness Changes Induced by Stiffeners and Softeners in Catch Connective Tissue of Echinoderms.
Tamori M
,
Yamada A
.
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The catch connective, or mutable collagenous, tissue of echinoderms changes its mechanical properties in response to stimulation. The body wall dermis of sea cucumbers is a typical catch connective tissue. The dermis assumes three mechanical states: soft, standard, and stiff. Proteins that change the mechanical properties have been purified from the dermis. Tensilin and the novel stiffening factor are involved in the soft to standard and standard to stiff transitions, respectively. Softenin softens the dermis in the standard state. Tensilin and softenin work directly on the extracellular matrix (ECM). This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding such stiffeners and softeners. Attention is also given to the genes of tensilin and its related proteins in echinoderms. In addition, we provide information on the morphological changes of the ECM associated with the stiffness change of the dermis. Ultrastructural study suggests that tensilin induces an increase in the cohesive forces with the lateral fusion of collagen subfibrils in the soft to standard transition, that crossbridge formation between fibrils occurs in both the soft to standard and standard to stiff transitions, and that the bond which accompanies water exudation produces the stiff dermis from the standard state.
Figure 1. Three-state model of stiffness of the dermis of sea cucumbers. *NSF: novel stiffening factor.
Figure 2. Hypothetical interactions of tensilin, softenin, and collagen fibrils in the standard (upper) and the soft (lower) states. Tensilin-secreting cells (type2 juxtaligamental-like cells) are not shown.
Figure 3. Electron micrograph of the sea cucumber dermis in the standard state. Arrows indicate crossbridges connecting collagen fibrils. Scale bar, 100 µm. Adapted from [40].
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