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Fig. 1. Fundamental alterations of Caribbean coral reefs due to the Diadema epidemic. Before Diadema die-off, even heavily fished reefs of the Caribbean were coral-rich, topographically complex, and generated a structure that hosted many species due to abundant Diadema whose grazing suppressed macroalgae and protected corals from algal competition (top). The pathogenic ciliate attacked Diadema sea urchins (center). After die-off, macroalgae escaped control by Diadema, seaweeds replaced corals, and Caribbean reefs lost 3D structure, diversity, and function (bottom). Credit: Austin Fisher/Science Advances
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