Lee H et al. (2023), Phylogeny, ancestral ranges and reclassificatio...

ECB-ART-51347

Sci Rep 2023 Jun 23;131:10199. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36848-0.

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Phylogeny, ancestral ranges and reclassification of sand dollars.

Lee H , Lee KS , Hsu CH , Lee CW , Li CE , Wang JK , Tseng CC , Chen WJ , Horng CC , Ford CT , Kroh A , Bronstein O , Tanaka H , Oji T , Lin JP , Janies D .

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Classification of the Class Echinoidea is under significant revision in light of emerging molecular phylogenetic evidence. In particular, the sister-group relationships within the superorder Luminacea (Echinoidea: Irregularia) have been considerably updated. However, the placement of many families remains largely unresolved due to a series of incongruent evidence obtained from morphological, paleontological, and genetic data for the majority of extant representatives. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 25 taxa, belonging to eleven luminacean families. We proposed three new superfamilies: Astriclypeoidea, Mellitoidea, and Taiwanasteroidea (including Dendrasteridae, Taiwanasteridae, Scutellidae, and Echinarachniidae), instead of the currently recognized superfamily Scutelloidea Gray, 1825. In light of the new data obtained from ten additional species, the historical biogeography reconstructed shows that the tropical western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans are the cradle for early sand dollar diversification. Hothouse conditions during the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene were coupled with diversification events of major clades of sand dollars. We also demonstrate that Taiwan fauna can play a key role in terms of understanding the major Cenozoic migration and dispersal events in the evolutionary history of Luminacea.

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	Figure 1. Three types of global distribution patterns based on occurrence data recorded in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (Table 1). (A) Occurrences of Peronella lesueuri (L. Agassiz, 1841) showing a longitudinal distribution in the Pacific-West, at both northern and southern hemispheres (GBIF; https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.uftmga; Table 1). (B) Occurrences of Sculpsitechinus auritus (Leske, 1778) showing an Indo-West-Pacific (IWP) distribution, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf (GBIF; https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbqzud; Table 1). (C) Occurrences of Astriclypeus mannii Verrill, 1867 showing endemism in the region of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan (GBIF; https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jdvqfb; Table 1). Maps were created with QGIS (https://qgis.org/, version 3.0.3).
	Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the Luminacea inferred using partitioned Maximum Likelihood analysis based on 3301 bp long concatenated multi-gene sequences. Asterisk represents polyphyletic Scutelloida. Nodal supports are shown as bootstrap (BS) values in percentage (above) and posterior probabilities (PP) (below). Values below 60% in BS and 0.8 in PP are not shown. Colored rectangles highlight the resolved main clades. Figure was made with Microsoft PowerPoint (https://www.microsoft.com/, version 2016).
	Figure 3. Most-likely ancestral range reconstruction of the Luminacea using the Dispersal–Extinction–Cladogenesis (DEC) model on the simplified Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred by BEAST v.2.6.730 based on cox1, 16S, 28S, and H3 data. Outgroups were omitted from this analysis. Nodes represent the median divergence times. Values near nodes represent posterior probabilities (PP). PP values below 0.95 are not shown. Shapes of lunule from the corresponding scutelloid clades are shown to the right. Colored, lettered boxes on the nodes represent the most likely areas of origin (lower right; a. Tropical eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean (EIWP); b. Southern Australia and New Zealand (SANZ); c. Northwestern Pacific (NWP); d. Tropical western Indian Ocean (WIO); e. Northeastern Pacific (NEP); f. Northwestern Atlantic (NWA); g. Tropical eastern Pacific (EP); h. Tropical western Atlantic and Caribbean Sea (WA); i. Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (NEA); j. Tropical East Atlantic (EA); k. South Africa (SAFR)) reconstructed by RASP v.4.231. Filled squares represent the constrained and assigned age prior nodes. Black arrows indicate inferred events of range expansions. Graph of Phanerozoic paleotemperatures was modified from Scotese et al.32. Figure was made with Microsoft PowerPoint (https://www.microsoft.com/, version 2016). Image credit: Jih-Pai Lin.
	Figure 4. Biogeography and migration network of Taiwanese fauna. (A) 11 defined biogeographical regions for Luminacea modified from previous studies15,18. a. Tropical eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean (EIWP); b. Southern Australia and New Zealand (SANZ); c. Northwestern Pacific (NWP); d. Tropical western Indian Ocean (WIO); e. Northeastern Pacific (NEP); f. Northwestern Atlantic (NWA); g. Tropical eastern Pacific (EP); h. Tropical western Atlantic and Caribbean Sea (WA); i. Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (NEA); j. Tropical East Atlantic (EA); k. South Africa (SAFR). Figure was made with Microsoft PowerPoint (https://www.microsoft.com/, version 2016). (B) StrainHub39 biogeographic network. Connections between geographic provinces is indicated by edges. Arrows indicate direction of migration and thickness of nodes indicates frequency. We used the RASP tree (Fig. S1) and geographic metadata to create the network and calculate the source/hub ratio (SHR). The SHR indicates the relative importance of geographic provinces as sources. Larger circles are more important sources of lineages. Figure was generated with StrainHub v0.2.3 on R v4.1.2. (https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz646). (C) Hypothesized migration trends for key sand dollar species reported in Taiwan waters. Map was created with QGIS (https://qgis.org/, version 3.0.3).

References [+] :

Boivin, Diversification rates indicate an early role of adaptive radiations at the origin of modern echinoid fauna. 2018, Pubmed, Echinobase