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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
2023 Aug 01;3038:89559-89580. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-28472-2.
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Use of the gonadal tissue of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus as a target for environmental contamination by trace metals.
Sarly MS
,
Pedro CA
,
Bruno CS
,
Raposo A
,
Quadros HC
,
Pombo A
,
Gonçalves SC
.
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Many environmental monitoring works have been carried out using biomarkers as a tool to identify the effects of oil contamination on marine organisms; however, only a few studies have used sea urchin gonadal tissue for this purpose. Within this context, the present work aimed to understand the impact of an oil spill, proposing the use of sea urchin gonadal tissue as a biomarker for environmental contamination by trace metals in the species Paracentrotus lividus. Biometric analysis, quantification analyses of the elements Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, as well as histopathological evaluations were performed in gonads of P. lividus collected from an area affected by hydrocarbons, named as impacted shore (IS) and an area not affected, named reference shore (RS). The results showed that carapace diameter (DC), total wet weight (WW), and Cd concentrations in the gonads were significantly influenced by the interaction between the rocky shores of origin, the months of sampling, and by the sex of the individuals. Moreover, from July until September, the levels of Zn and Cd were significantly lower in male than in female gonads. In July (the month of the oil spill), the indexes of histopathological alterations (IHPA) of membrane dilation were significantly higher in individuals from the IS, compared to the individuals from the RS. In addition, there were significant correlations between biometric variables (wet weight, diameter of carapace, gonadal weight, and gonadosomatic index) and the elements Cd, Cu, Ni, and Mn concentrations. Lastly, a delay in the gametogenic cycle of the sea urchins from IS was also observed. Taken together, these findings suggest that direct exposure to trace metals induces histopathological lesions in P. lividus' gonads and affects its reproductive cycle.
Fig. 1. Map of Peniche (Portugal) with the indication of the study sites (impacted Shore, 39°22′12.69″N; 009°23′7.07″W; reference shore, 39°22′02.4″N; 9°24′08.07″W) where the specimens of Paracentrotus lividus were sampled
Fig. 2. Total wet weight (WW) and diameter of the carapace (DC) average values of Paracentrotus lividus at the impacted shore (IS) and at the reference shore (RS) (Peniche, Portugal) collected in July, August, and September of 2017, after an oil spill event. (a) Total wet weight in grams (g); (b) carapace diameter in centimeters (cm)
Fig. 3. Gonadal weight (GW) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) average values of Paracentrotus lividus at the impacted shore (IS) and at the reference shore (RS) (Peniche, Portugal) collected in July, August, and September of 2017, after an oil spill event. (a) Gonadal weight (GW) in grams (g); (b) gonadosomatic index (GSI) in percentage (%)
Fig. 4. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in the gonads of males and females of Paracentrotus lividus collected in the impacted shore and in the reference shore at Peniche (Portugal) in July, August, and September of 2017, following an oil spill event. All values were expressed as mean ± standard error. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) are presented with the symbol * (Tukey HSD test)
Fig. 5. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Ni in the gonads of males and females of Paracentrotus lividus collected in the impacted shore and in the reference shore at Peniche (Portugal) in July, August, and September of 2017, following an oil spill event. All values were expressed as mean ± standard error. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) are presented with the symbol * (Tukey HSD test)
Fig. 6. Gonadal lesions on Paracentrotus lividus from the two collection areas in 2017. (a) Male with globular inclusions of LLP (arrows); dilations of the ascinal wall (arrow heads); (b) female with dilated membrane; (c) female with atretic oocytes (arrows) and hypertrophy of NPs (arrows heads); (d) male with hypertrophy of NPs (arrow); (e) male with large aggregations of NPs in the center; (f) female with hypertrophy of NPs (arrows); NP, nutritional phagocytes; LLP, lipofuscin-like pigments
Fig. 7. Variation on the gametogenic stages of Paracentrotus lividus at the impacted shore (IS) and at the reference shore (RS) (Peniche, Portugal) collected in July, August, and September of 2017, after an oil spill event. I — initial; II — growth; III — premature; IV — matures; V — posture; VI — post-posture
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