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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
2023 Feb 01;3010:26094-26106. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23940-7.
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Controlled uptake of PFOA in adult specimens of Paracentrotus lividus and evaluation of gene expression in their gonads and embryos.
Savoca D
,
Pace A
,
Arizza V
,
Arculeo M
,
Melfi R
.
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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been largely used in the manufacturing industry but a few years ago it turned out to be a dangerous pollutant which is now of concern for terrestrial and aquatic environments. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation of PFOA in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus after exposure to different concentrations of the pollutant for 28 days. We observed rapid uptake of PFOA in the coelomic fluid collected weekly during the exposure period and high bioaccumulation in gonads at the end of the experiment. Interestingly, animals were also able to fast depurate when relocated to a clean environment. In addition, to assess the effect of PFOA on sea urchins' physiological pathways, we analysed the expression profile of some marker genes both in the gonads and in the embryos obtained from parents exposed to PFOA. Our results suggest that PFOA is a persistent, bioaccumulative compound that adversely affects the health of the exposed organisms and their offspring by causing significant changes in the expression of some key target genes and the occurrence of developmental anomalies in the embryos.
Fig. 1. Bar charts show the mean of [PFOA]CF, measured weekly (days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28), in individuals belonging to the same tank (D, E, or F) added with 100 ppm PFOA. N.A = not available. *The average [PFOA]CF measured on day 14 in aquarium F refers only to two specimens (F1 and F2). Data are expressed as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the performed replications
Fig. 2. Distribution of [PFOA]CF in each sea urchins exposed to 100 ppm where the 25–75 percentiles are drawn using a box; minimum and maximum are shown at the end of the thin lines (whiskers), while the median is marked as a horizontal line in the box fitting. Empty dots indicate unhealthy/dissected individuals and full ones healthy individuals. In the x-axis, the days of sampling of the coelomic fluid are shown (the spreading of dots along the x-axis within the same group of sampling is arbitrary chosen to avoid overlapping of points), in the y-axis the measured concentration is expressed in ppm
Fig. 3. Bar chart shows the mean of [PFOA]CF measured weekly (days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28) on individuals belonging to the same tank (A, B, or C) containing 10 ppm of PFOA. Data are expressed as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the performed replications
Fig. 5. Panel of anomalies percentage, reported for each level of severity (level 1, 2, 3), observed in embryos at 48 h p.f. X2, X4, Y2: embryos obtained from sea urchins not exposed to the pollutant; A1, A3, C4: embryos obtained from sea urchins exposed to 10 ppm PFOA
Fig. 6. Graph representation showing differences in the expression level of each analysed gene in P. lividus gonads at day 28; y-axis: the scale of the logarithmic values of the fold change; x-axis: samples codes. Bars represent the mean values from the three different technical replicates ± SD. Statistical significance for each target gene among triplicates Cq values of control and the treated sample is shown as asterisks (*: p < 0.05)
Fig. 7. Graph representation showing a difference in the expression level of target genes compared to control embryos, normalised with 18S expression. y-axis: the scale of the logarithmic values of the fold change, x-axis: embryo samples codes (A1xB4, A3xB4, C4xB4) and the percentage of abnormal embryos. Bars represent the mean values from the three different technical replicates ± SD. Statistical significance for each target gene among triplicates Cq values of control and the treated sample is shown as asterisks (*: p < 0.05)
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