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NeuroD is a transcription factor (TF) that plays a dual role in vertebrate neurogenesis and glucose homeostasis in the pancreas. We identified a NeuroD antibody developed against human that cross-reacts with the sea urchin NeuroD1. NeuroD1 protein localizes to the presumptive ganglia and neurofilament structures in the ciliary band of the sea urchin larvae. In addition, we also observed NeuroD1 in the perinuclear region in the sea urchin gut which is analogous to the mammalian pancreas. These results suggest that NeuroD1 may play an evolutionarily conserved role in the invertebrate sea urchin.
Figure 1.
NeuroD1 may play an evolutionarily conserved role in the sea urchin embryo.
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(A) The human NeuroD1 protein sequences is aligned with the sea urchin NeuroD1 protein using National Center for Biotechnology Information. SMART was used to identify DNA binding domain which is highlighted in yellow (Letunic and Bork 2018; Letunic et al. 2021). The antigenic region of the human NeuroD1 antibody is 31.4% identical to the sea urchin NeuroD1, highlighted in green. (B) Western blot analysis of NeuroD1 is depicted. Bacteria transformed with vector alone or NeuroD1 expression vector were cultured with or without IPTG. These bacterial lysates were collected and ran on an SDS-PAGE gel. Human NeuroD1 recognizes the sea urchin NeuroD1 recombinant protein, with the expected size of ~40-45kDa. (C) Western blot analysis of NeuroD1 indicates that NeuroD1 is expressed in various developmental stages of the sea urchin embryo. 5 dpf = 5 days post-fertilization. Arrow points to expected size of ~40-45kDa for NeuroD1. (D) Schematic of the different views of a sea urchin larva. (E) Sea urchin larvae were immunolabeled with NeuroD1 (green) and counterstained with DAPI to visualize DNA (blue). NeuroD1 is localized to presumptive ganglia (indicated by white arrows), neurofilaments (indicated by red arrows), and perinuclearly in cells of the gut (in dotted boxes). Five biological replicates. AO=apical organ.
(F) The specificity of the NeuroD1 antibody is tested with pre-adsorption assay. Larvae were immunolabeled with pre-adsorbed or non-pre-adsorbed NeuroD1 antibody (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). (G) Embryos injected with NeuroD1 MASO had less NeuroD1 protein (green) compared to embryos injected with the control MASO, indicating antibody specificity and efficacy of the knockdown. Perinuclear localization of NeuroD1 in the gut (indicated by yellow arrows), presumptive ganglia (indicated by white arrows), neurofilaments (indicated by red arrows). The dotted yellow lines outline the gut, and the dotted white lines outline the ectoderm. FG=foregut, MG=midgut, and HG=hindgut. All scale bars correspond to 50 µm. 3 biological replicates for all the experiments unless specified otherwise. Maximum intensity projection of Z-stack confocal images is presented.
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