Donham EM et al. (2023), Population-specific vulnerability to ocean chan...

ECB-ART-51044

Sci Adv 2023 Jan 20;93:eade2365. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2365.

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Population-specific vulnerability to ocean change in a multistressor environment.

Donham EM , Flores I , Hooper A , O'Brien E , Vylet K , Takeshita Y , Freiwald J , Kroeker KJ .

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Variation in environmental conditions across a species' range can alter their responses to environmental change through local adaptation and acclimation. Evolutionary responses, however, may be challenged in ecosystems with tightly coupled environmental conditions, where changes in the covariance of environmental factors may make it more difficult for species to adapt to global change. Here, we conduct a 3-month-long mesocosm experiment and find evidence for local adaptation/acclimation in populations of red sea urchins, Mesocentrotus franciscanus, to multiple environmental drivers. Moreover, populations differ in their response to projected concurrent changes in pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Our results highlight the potential for local adaptation/acclimation to multivariate environmental regimes but suggest that thresholds in responses to a single environmental variable, such as temperature, may be more important than changes to environmental covariance. Therefore, identifying physiological thresholds in key environmental drivers may be particularly useful for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

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	Fig. 1. Scatterplots of pH, oxygen, and temperature across study sites.Locations of sensor moorings and sea urchin collection sites along the coast of California are shown in (A). Diamond and triangle symbols indicate discrete sample measurements within experimental mesocosms for current and future treatments, respectively, while circles indicate daily mean conditions in the field. Scatterplot of time series data from oceanographic sensors deployed at a depth of ~15 m within kelp forests with daily mean experimental conditions as colored points. Data are from (B) two sites (Van Damme and Point Arena) exposed to strong upwelling and (C) two sites (Laguna Beach and Catalina Island) exposed to weak upwelling.
	Fig. 2. PCA plot of in situ environmental (field) and laboratory (mesocosm) experimental conditions.Green symbols represent strong upwelling (cooler temperature) conditions, while orange symbols indicate weak upwelling (warmer temperature) conditions. Diamond and triangle symbols indicate discrete sample measurements within experimental mesocosms for current and future treatments, respectively, while circles indicate daily mean conditions (pH, DO, and temperature) in the field. Large symbols with error bars indicate the means ± SEM of PC scores for current and future experimental treatments for each region.
	Fig. 3. Species performance in common garden experiment.Performance metrics across sea urchin populations reared for 3 months with (A) mortality, (B) respiration rate, (C) growth, (D) grazing rate, and (E) calcification of sea urchins from strong upwelling and weak upwelling regions reared under current conditions for both strong and weak upwelling regions. Points represent the mean, and error bars indicate the SE. Numbers above bars indicate replicates, and lines connecting populations indicate reaction norms.
	Fig. 4. Species performance in climate change experiment.Performance metrics across sea urchin populations reared for 3 months with (A) mortality, (B) growth, (C) grazing rate, and (D) calcification of sea urchins from strong upwelling and weak upwelling regions reared under region-specific current and future conditions. Points represent the mean, and error bars indicate the SE. Numbers above bars indicate replicates.

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