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Cytogenetic and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A and bisphenol S in Arbacia lixula sea urchin embryos.
Rezg R
,
Oral R
,
Tez S
,
Mornagui B
,
Pagano G
,
Trifuoggi M
.
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Bisphenol S (BP-S) is one of the most important substitutes of bisphenol A (BP-A), and its environmental occurrence is predicted to intensify in the future. Both BP-A and BP-S were tested for adverse effects on early life stages of Arbacia lixula sea urchins at 0.1 up to 100 µM test concentrations, by evaluating cytogenetic and developmental toxicity endpoints. Embryonic malformations and/or mortality were scored to determine embryotoxicity (72 h post-fertilization). It has been reported in academic dataset that bisphenols concentration reached μg/L in aquatic environment of heavily polluted areas. We have chosen concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 μM in order to highlight, in particular, BP-S effects. Attention should be paid to this range of concentrations in the context of the evaluation of the toxicity and the ecological risk of BP-S as emerging pollutant. Cytogenetic toxicity was measured, using mitotic activity and chromosome aberrations score in embryos (6 h post-fertilization). Both BP-A and BP-S exposures induced embryotoxic effects from 2.5 to 100 µM test concentrations as compared to controls. Malformed embryo percentages following BP-A exposure were significantly higher than in BP-S-exposed embryos from 0.25 to 100 µM (with a ~5-fold difference). BP-A, not BP-S exhibited cytogenetic toxicity at 25 and 100 µM. Our results indicate an embryotoxic potential of bisphenols during critical periods of development with a potent rank order to BP-A vs. BP-S. Thus, we show that BP-A alternative induce similar toxic effects to BP-A with lower severity.
Fig. 1. Embryonic malformations N: Normal pluteus, P1: pluteus with skeletal malformations, P2: blockage at pre-pluteus stages. D: early embryonic death
Fig. 2. Mitotic aberrations A chromosome bridge, B lagging chromosome, C scattered, D fractured, E multipolar spindle. F normal mitosis
Fig. 3. Average affected embryo percentages in embryotoxicity tests after BP-A or BP-S treatment (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs control, Tamhane’s, Tukey’s)
Fig. 4. Cytogenetic toxicity after BP-A or BP-S exposure in A. lixula sea urchin embryos. a Mean of no.mitoses per embryo (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs control, Tukey’s). b Percentages of interphase embryos (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs control, Student’s t and Mann-Whitney U tests). c Metaphase/Anaphase ratio (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs control, Student’s t). d Percentage of affected embryos (percent embryos having ≥1 mitotic aberrations) (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs control, Tukey’s)
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