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Glob Chang Biol
2022 Oct 03;2819:5781-5792. doi: 10.1111/gcb.16339.
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Live-fast-die-young: Carryover effects of heatwave-exposed adult urchins on the development of the next generation.
Minuti JJ
,
Byrne M
,
Campbell H
,
Hemraj DA
,
Russell BD
.
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With rising ocean temperatures, extreme weather events such as marine heatwaves (MHWs) are increasing in frequency and duration, pushing marine life beyond their physiological limits. The potential to respond to extreme conditions through physiological acclimatization, and pass on resistance to the next generation, fundamentally depends on the capacity of an organism to cope within their thermal tolerance limits. To elucidate whether heat conditioning of parents could benefit offspring development, we exposed adult sea urchins (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) to ambient summer (23°C), moderate (25°C) or strong (26°C) MHW conditions for 10 days. Offspring were then reared at constant temperature along a thermal gradient (22-28°C) and development was tracked to the 14-day juvenile stage. Progeny from the MHW-conditioned adults developed through to metamorphosis faster than those of ambient conditioned parents, with most individuals from the moderate and strong heatwaves developing to the larval stage across all temperatures. In contrast, the majority of offspring from the control summer temperature died before metamorphosis at temperatures above 25°C (moderate MHW). Juveniles produced from the strong MHW-conditioned adults were also larger across all temperatures, with the largest juveniles in the 26°C treatment. In contrast, the smallest juveniles were from control (current-day summer) parents (and reared at 22 and 25°C). Surprisingly, initial survival was higher in the progeny of MHW exposed parents, even at temperatures hotter than predicted MHWs (28°C). Importantly, however, there was substantial mortality of juveniles from the strong MHW parents by day 14. Therefore, while carryover effects of parental conditioning to MHWs resulted in faster growing, larger progeny, this benefit will only persist beyond the more sensitive juvenile stage and enhance survival if conditions return promptly to normal seasonal temperatures within current thermal tolerance limits.
FIGURE 1. Heatmap representing the change in developmental stages of individuals reared at different temperatures and spawned in (a) control conditions, (b) moderate heatwave or (c) strong heatwave. Heatmaps show the mean percentage of individuals at each developmental stage. Individuals with abnormal development are represented by (*). Arrows above the panels represent larvae that were spawned and grown within the same treatment temperatures. Yellow, control; green, moderate heatwave; Grey, strong heatwave.
FIGURE 2. Larval developmental stages at 6 days post‐spawning. Individuals were sourced from parents conditioned in control (blue), moderate heatwave (yellow) or strong heatwave (red) conditions and reared at various temperatures (22–28°C). Graphs show the number of individuals at each developmental stage; blastula (B), larvae (L), metamorphosed (M) or dead (D). Individuals with abnormal development are represented by (a).
FIGURE 3. Juvenile size (mean ± SD) at 14 days post‐fertilization. Juveniles were produced from parents conditioned in (a) control (blue), (b) moderate heatwave (yellow) or (c) strong heatwave (red) conditions and reared at different temperatures (22–28°C). Trend lines represent curve of best fit (based on R
2 and significance of fit) following model estimation (quadratic: a and b; or linear: c).
FIGURE 4. Proportion of larval survivorship (mean ± SD) at 6 days post‐fertilization. Larvae were hatched in (a) control (blue), (b) moderate heatwave (yellow) or (c) strong heatwave (red) conditions and reared at different temperatures (22–28°C). Trend lines represent curve of best fit based on R
2 and significance of fit.
FIGURE 5. (A) Respiration rates (mean ± SD) of juveniles at 14‐day old reared at control (23°C) and moderate heatwave (25°C) conditions. Progeny were spawned from adults exposed to control (23°C) and moderate heatwave (25°C) conditions for 10 days prior to spawning. There were insufficient juveniles surviving from the strong heatwave (26°C) treatment adults to measure respiration. (B) Proportion of juvenile survivorship at day 14 post‐fertilization. Different letters above bars show significant differences.
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