Díaz-Díaz LM et al. (2021), The Role of the Microbiota in Regeneration-Asso...

ECB-ART-50492

Front Cell Dev Biol 2021 Jan 01;9:768783. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768783.

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The Role of the Microbiota in Regeneration-Associated Processes.

Díaz-Díaz LM , Rodríguez-Villafañe A , García-Arrarás JE .

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The microbiota, the set of microorganisms associated with a particular environment or host, has acquired a prominent role in the study of many physiological and developmental processes. Among these, is the relationship between the microbiota and regenerative processes in various organisms. Here we introduce the concept of the microbiota and its involvement in regeneration-related cellular events. We then review the role of the microbiota in regenerative models that extend from the repair of tissue layers to the regeneration of complete organs or animals. We highlight the role of the microbiota in the digestive tract, since it accounts for a significant percentage of an animal microbiota, and at the same time provides an outstanding system to study microbiota effects on regeneration. Lastly, while this review serves to highlight echinoderms, primarily holothuroids, as models for regeneration studies, it also provides multiple examples of microbiota-related interactions in other processes in different organisms.

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	FIGURE 1. The influence of microbiota on host physiology. This figure outlines the aim of this review where we describe the role of the microbial composition associated with an animal host. In this review we focus on the regeneration process. However, we incorporated studies that link the microbiota to the metabolism, digestion and nutrition, health, and development of animal hosts to point out the interconnection between all these processes (dashed arrows).
	FIGURE 2. Models of regeneration. This figure portrays organisms that are used as regeneration models: planaria (A), zebrafish (B), axolotl (C), and two holothurian species, Apostichopus japonicus (D) and Holothuria glaberrima (E).
	FIGURE 3. Comparison of mammalian and holothurian intestinal epithelium anatomy and renewal. Representative organization of the luminal epithelium of mammal intestine (A) and the mucosal epithelium in the digestive tube of sea cucumbers (B), highlighting the difference in cell renewal mechanisms. (A) In mammals, Lgr5-positive intestinal stem cells are localized at the bottom of the crypt, which self-renew and produce dividing transit-amplifying progenitors (arrows), which gradually migrate apically and form the villus (dashed arrow), where are localized the specialized cells. Paneth cells (which appear to be unique in mammals) are the only differentiated cell type that remains in the stem cell niche. (B) In the digestive epithelium of echinoderms, the spatial organization of mammals is not present, instead Lgr5-positive cells are interspersed among Lgr5-negative or differentiated cells, but the lineage of these cells is not well understood. (A′,B′) were retrieved from Mashanov et al., 2014 and modified by LD-D, (A,B) are drawings by the authors of this article (AR-V and LD-D, respectively) for the purposes of this comparison.
	FIGURE 4. Bacterial composition associated with animal hosts. This scheme presents the most representative taxa among the microbiota of E. scolopes, D. melanogaster, H. glaberrima, D. rerio, M. musculus, and H. sapiens; however, relative representation of these taxa may vary per individual. Top phyla among the animal kingdom includes Proteobacteria (blue), Firmicutes (white), Bacteroidetes (green), Actinobacteria (lilac), and Fusobacteria (yellow). The font size represents the relative abundance of the lower taxonomic levels. This figure is an adaptation of Kostic et al. (2013), and contains information from the following studies: Arumugam et al. (2011), Brinkman et al. (2011), Chandler et al. (2011), Roeselers et al. (2011), and Pagán-Jiménez et al. (2019). Images are original drawings by LD-D and AR-V.

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