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Evolutionary loss of 8-oxo-G repair components among eukaryotes.
Jansson K
,
Blomberg A
,
Sunnerhagen P
,
Alm Rosenblad M
.
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BACKGROUND: We have examined the phylogenetic pattern among eukaryotes of homologues of the E. coli 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-G) repair enzymes MutY, MutM, and MutT.
RESULTS: These DNA repair enzymes are present in all large phylogenetic groups, with MutM homologues being the most universally conserved. All chordates and echinoderms were found to possess all three 8-oxo-G repair components. Likewise, the red and green algae examined have all three repair enzymes, while all land-living plants have MutY and MutM homologues, but lack MutT. However, for some phyla, e.g. protostomes, a more patchy distribution was found. Nematodes provide a striking example, where Caenorhabditis is the only identified example of an organism group having none of the three repair enzymes, while the genome of another nematode, Trichinella spiralis, instead encodes all three. The most complex distribution exists in fungi, where many different patterns of retention or loss of the three repair components are found. In addition, we found sequence insertions near or within the catalytic sites of MutY, MutM, and MutT to be present in some subgroups of Ascomycetes.
CONCLUSION: The 8-oxo-G repair enzymes are ancient in origin, and loss of individual 8-oxo-G repair components at several distinct points in evolution appears to be the most likely explanation for the phylogenetic pattern among eukaryotes.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic distribution of MutY, MutM, and MutT homologues among metazoans. The table shows the presence (grey) or absence (white) of 8-oxo-G repair gene homologues found in species included in the survey. Abbreviations: "Vertebr", Vertebrata; "Ceph", Cephalochordata; "Uro", Urochordata; "Cheli", Chelicerata; "Crust", Crustacea; "Lophotro", Lophotrochozoa; "Mollu", Mollusca; "Anne", Annelida; "Platyhelm", Platyhelmintes; "Choanoflag", Choanoflagellata.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic distribution of MutY, MutM, and MutT homologues in pants. The table shows the presence (grey) or absence (white) of 8-oxo-G repair gene homologues found in species included in the survey. "Vascular", Tracheophyta.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic distribution of MutY, MutM, and MutT homologues among fungi. The table shows the presence (grey) or absence (white) of 8-oxo-G repair gene homologues found in species included in the survey (fungi and slime mold). Repair enzyme homologues with any of the identified sequence inserts are marked with an asterisk, and where relevant their position indicated (C-term, N-term). "Sac", Saccharomyces; "Can", Candida; "Sor", Sordariomycetes; "Dot", Dothideomycetes; "Eur", Eurotiomycetes; "Taphri", Taphrinomycotina; "Basidiomyc", Basidiomycetes; "Zygo", Zygomycetes; "Chyt", Chytridiomycetes; "Micro", Microsporidia; "Dicty", Dictyostelia.
Figure 4. Sequence alignment of fungal, metazoan, and plant MutMH. The alignment shows the HhH structural domain, and the two identified MutMH sequence inserts (yellow shaded boxes) within the fungal groups Eurotiomycetes and "Saccharomyces" respectively. The Eurotiomycetes MutMH insert is located immediately upstream of the HhH domain, while the "Saccharomyces" insert resides close to the C-terminal end of the HhH domain.
Figure 5. Sequence alignment of fungal, metazoan, and plant MutYH. The alignment shows the C-terminal end of the important HhH structural domain, and the identified MutYH sequence insert (yellow shaded box) within the fungal group Sordariomycetes. The insert is located in the MutYH substrate binding site.
Figure 6. Evolutionary loss of individual 8-oxo-G repair proteins among fungi. Loss of a specific repair protein is indicated by the homologue name in the outlined branches. The retention of MutM in Sz.japonicus marked as dashed box. The basidiomycetes are the only subgroup harbouring all three 8-oxo-G repair components. The schematic tree is based on Fitzpatrick et al., 2006 [18].
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