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Ecol Evol
2018 Nov 08;823:11423-11433. doi: 10.1002/ece3.4565.
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Benthic biogeographic patterns in the southern Australian deep sea: Do historical museum records accord with recent systematic, but spatially limited, survey data?
Tanner JE
,
Althaus F
,
Sorokin SJ
,
Williams A
.
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AIM: To document biogeographic patterns in the deepwater benthic epifauna and demersal fishes of southern Australia, and determine whether museum records and systematic survey data provide matching results.
LOCATION: Southern Australian (32-44oS) continental slope (200-3,000 m deep).
TAXON: Marine benthic fauna (Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Porifera, Sipuncula, and fishes).
METHODS: All available electronic records of fauna from the above taxa and ≥200 m depth off the southern Australian coastline, regardless of organism size, were collated from Australian museums and checked for geographic and taxonomic consistency. These records were then split into 40 geographic segments of roughly equal numbers, with each segment then treated as a sample in multivariate analyses of assemblage composition. Data from a recent (2015) systematic beam trawl survey along five north-south transects in the central Great Australian Bight were also included for comparison.
MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The systematic survey data grouped with the associated geographic segments despite differences in sampling technique (single gear compared to multiple gears), with subsequent differences in taxonomic biases, and the use of a 25 mm mesh, which would undersample some smaller organisms present in the museum data. Thus, the museum data and the survey data provided the same results for the central Great Australian Bight at the level of the whole assemblage. The main biogeographic break occurred off southeastern Tasmania, with a second substantial break occurring at around the border between New South Wales and Victoria. This indicates the potential for unused museum data to describe biogeographic patterns over regional spatial scales, especially in the deep sea where the expense of collecting new data is relatively high.
Figure 1. Map of southern Australia showing geographic distribution of samples represented in museum collections (black crosses), with geographic segments used for multivariate analysis (indicated by green vertical/horizontal lines and letters—missing letters indicate that the segment is too small to label). Inner and outer bathymetry contours are 200 and 3,000 m, respectively. Red vertical lines in segments d and e indicate location of the GAB benthic transects (T1 to west, T5 to east)
Figure 2. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination plot showing species‐level biogeographic patterns in deep‐sea benthic assemblages around southern Australia (see Figure 1 for geographic locations of each point). The line connects geographically contiguous segments from west (a) to east (an). Color coding indicates 20% similarity level from the cluster analysis in Figure 3
Figure 3. Cluster analysis of southern Australian deep‐sea benthos at the species level. Symbols and colors indicate groupings at the 20% similarity level used in Figure 2. Red lines indicate groupings that do not differ at the 5% significance level according to similarity profiles analysis
Figure 4. Map of southern Australia showing biogeographic zones (thick multicolored line around the coast, coding matching Figures 2 and 3) based on the multivariate analyses at the species level. Zone boundaries are based on a similarity cutoff of 20% in the cluster analysis (Figure 3). Individual geographic segments used for multivariate analysis are indicated by green vertical/horizontal lines and letters (missing letters indicate that the segment is too small to label). Inner and outer bathymetry contours are 200 and 3,000 m, respectively. Red vertical lines in segments d and e indicate location of the GAB benthic transects (T1 to west, T5 to east). Note that segment ab is different to the surrounding segments, but is too small to appear on the map
Figure 5. Results of the second‐stage nMDS showing degree of concordance in biogeographic patterns at different taxonomic levels. Points that are close together indicate that the analyses at the respective taxonomic levels (i.e., the plots in Supporting Information Figure S1) show very similar patterns, while those that are more distant do not show similar patterns
Figure 6. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination plots showing biogeographic patterns in individual phyla around southern Australia (see Figure 1 for geographic locations of each point). Color coding indicates 20% similarity level from the cluster analysis in Figure 3
Figure 7. Results of the second‐stage nMDS showing degree of concordance in biogeographic patterns in different phyla. Points that are close together indicate that the analyses at the respective taxonomic levels (i.e., the plots in Figure 6) show very similar patterns, while those that are more distant do not show similar patterns
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