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Cancer Med
2020 Jan 01;91:225-237. doi: 10.1002/cam4.2670.
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A community-based lung cancer rapid tissue donation protocol provides high-quality drug-resistant specimens for proteogenomic analyses.
Boyle TA
,
Quinn GP
,
Schabath MB
,
Muñoz-Antonia T
,
Saller JJ
,
Duarte LF
,
Hair LS
,
Teer JK
,
Chiang DY
,
Leary R
,
Wong CC
,
Savchenko A
,
Singh AP
,
Charette L
,
Mendell K
,
Gorgun G
,
Antonia SJ
,
Chiappori AA
,
Creelan BC
,
Gray JE
,
Haura EB
.
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BACKGROUND: For the advancement of cancer research, the collection of tissue specimens from drug-resistant tumors after targeted therapy is crucial. Although patients with lung cancer are often provided targeted therapy, post-therapy specimens are not routinely collected due to the risks of collection, limiting the study of targeted therapy resistance mechanisms. Posthumous rapid tissue donation (RTD) is an expedient collection process that provides an opportunity to understand treatment-resistant lung cancers.
METHODS: Consent to participate in the thoracic RTD protocol was obtained during patient care. When death occurred, tumor and paired non-tumor, cytology, and blood specimens were collected within 48 hours and preserved as formalin-fixed and frozen specimens. Tissue sections were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) against multiple biomarkers, including various programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) clones. Next-generation sequencing was performed on 13 specimens from 5 patients.
RESULTS: Postmortem specimens (N = 180) were well preserved from 9 patients with lung cancer. PD-L1 IHC revealed heterogeneity within and between tumors. An AGK-BRAF fusion was newly identified in tumor from a donor with a known echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion and history of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor therapy. RNA expression analysis revealed a clonal genetic origin of metastatic cancer cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Post-therapy specimens demonstrated PD-L1 heterogeneity and an acyl glycerol kinase to B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (AGK-BRAF) fusion in a patient with an EML4-ALK-positive lung adenocarcinoma as a potential resistance mechanism to ALK inhibitor therapy. Rapid tissue donation collection of postmortem tissue from lung cancer patients is a novel approach to cancer research that enables studies of molecular evolution and drug resistance.
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Figure 1. Flowchart overview of steps involved in the process of collection of tissue from donors participating in the rapid tissue donation project. In short, medical oncologists introduced the rapid tissue donation project to patients at an appropriate time. If interest was expressed from a patient, consent was subsequently requested. Posthumous tissue was rapidly collected by a medical examiner in the community at a facility as close as possible to the funeral service
Figure 2. A, Hematoxylin and eosin stained slides at 200× magnification depicting well‐preserved kidney (on left, arrow indicates preserved glomerulus) and pancreas (on right, arrow indicates preserved pancreatic islet) from rapid tissue donation patient 1. B, Images of slides stained by immunohistochemistry with the E1L3N® anti‐PD‐L1 rabbit monoclonal antibody from one representative lung tumor and one lymph node with metastatic lung cancer from donors 1, 4, 6, and 7 which had tumor with any positivity for PD‐L1 expression. C, Representative images of slides stained by immunohistochemistry with for Ki67, CD8, CD31, and pSTAT3
Figure 3. Genomic heterogeneity of mutations among multiple tumor sites. The columns represent specimen results from sequencing 13 specimens from 5 donors with a customized 567‐gene Agilent SureSelectXT panel. Each column represents one specimen with the top bar color representing which donor the specimen is from: 1 (black), 3 (red), 4 (green), 6 (dark blue), and 7 (light blue). For each gene on the left, there is an orange bar if a frame shift (FS) mutation, nonsense mutation, or splice variant is identified, a green bar if a missense mutation is identified, and a red bar if amplification is identified in that gene. If no colored bar is present (gray background), the specimen was negative for mutations in that gene. Abbreviations: FS, frameshift; purity, calculated tumor percentage; MutLoad, mutation load (number of mutations identified)
Figure 4. Compilation of RNA Results. A, Global similarity of RNA profiles among multiple tumor sites. The first and third principal components are shown for the normalized log2 RNA‐seq counts per million for all genes. A, The third principal component is shown instead of the second as this corrects for elevated levels of liver‐specific transcripts. B, The second principal component is shown instead of the third to show results without correction for elevated levels of liver‐specific transcripts. C‐E, Concordance between RNA‐seq and IHC for PD‐L1, CD8, and Ki‐67. The vertical axis denotes the normalized log2 RNA‐seq counts per million for the indicated genes. The horizontal axis denotes the final categorical result for PD‐L1, CD8, and Ki‐67 expression by immunohistochemistry analyses as outlined in Table S1. PD‐L1 immunochemistry data was generated using the PD‐L1 antibody clone 28‐8 with ≥1% tumor proportion score considered as “Positive”
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