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Susceptibility Assessment of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria to Natural Products.
Mohamed EH
,
Alghamdi YS
,
Mostafa Abdel-Hafez S
,
Soliman MM
,
Alotaibi SH
,
Hassan MY
,
Hany NA
,
Amer HH
.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of some natural compounds against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
METHODS: Forty-three bacterial strains were collected. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were carried out for natural compounds including quercetin, Acacia nilotica, Syzygium aromaticum, and Holothuria atra. Scanning electron microscope analysis and bacterial DNA apoptosis assays were performed.
RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to imipenim, ampicillin, and penicillin. Most Escherichia coli strains were resistant to amoxicillin, clavulanat, and ampicillin. Finally, tigecycline was effective with Klebsiella pneumoniae and was resistant to all antibiotics. Only S aromaticum had an antibacterial effect on K pneumoniae. Most S aureus strains were sensitive to S aromaticum, A nilotica, and quercetin. All examined natural extracts had no effect on E coli. Holothuria atra had no effect on any of the strains tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for examined plants against S aureus were 6.25 to 12, 1.6 to 3.2, and 9.12 to 18.24 mg/mL, respectively. Syzygium aromaticum was active against K pneumoniae with an MIC of 12.5 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscope analysis performed after 24 and 48 hours of incubation showed bacterial strains with distorted shapes and severe cell wall damage. Syzygium aromaticum, quercetin, and A nilotica showed clear fragmentations of S aureus DNA.
CONCLUSIONS: Current findings confirmed the beneficial effect of using natural products such as clove (S aromaticum), quercetin, and A nilotica as a promising therapy to overcome multidrug resistant bacteria.
Figure 1. Antibiotic sensitivity test for Staphylococcus aureus
strains (n = 21). R; resistant, S; sensitive. The most effective drug
were daptomycin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin (100%).
Meanwhile, all strains were very resistant to imipenim, penicillin, and
ampicillin (100%, 95.2%, and 95.2%, respectively).
Figure 2. Antibiotic sensitivity test for Escherichia coli (n =
17). R; resistant, S; sensitive. All E coli strains
were sensitive to amikacin (94%). All strains were resistant to
amoxicillin, clavulanat, and ampicillin (94%).
Figure 3. Antibiotic sensitivity test for Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains (n = 5). R; resistant, S; sensitive. All Klebsiella
pneumoniae strains were slightly sensitive to tigecycline
and were resistant to all tested antibiotics.
Figure 4. Disc diffusion test showing inhibition zones in mm. A, Inhibition zones
of Acacia nilotica, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin. B,
Inhibition zones of Syzygium aromaticum, ciprofloxacin,
and amoxicillin. C, Inhibition zones of quercetin, ciprofloxacin, and
amoxicillin.
Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. (A) Syzygium
aromaticum with Staphylococcus aureus
after 24 hours. (B) Syzygium aromaticum with S
aureus after 24 hours; (C) Acacia nilotica
with S aureus after 24 hours; (D) Acacia
nilotica with S aureus after 48 hours.
Figure 6. A, Quercetin with Staphylococcus aureus after 24 hours.
B, Quercetin with Staphylococcus aureus after 48 hours.
C, Normal control.
Figure 7. DNA cleavage of quercetin with Staphylococcus aureus.
Lane 1: DNA ladder; Lane 2: S aureus control without
treatment; Lane 3: quercetin at 24 hours; Lane 4: quercetin at 48 hours;
and Lane 5: quercetin at 72 hours.
Figure 8. DNA cleavage of Acacia nilotica and Syzygium
aromaticum with Staphylococcus aureus.
Lane 1: 100-bp DNA ladder; Lane 2: Staphylococcus
aureus control without treatment; Lanes 3-6: Acacia
nilotica treated bacteria for 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours; Lane
7: 100 DNA ladder; Lane 8: S aureus control without
treatment; Lanes 9-12: Syzygium aromaticum treated
bacteria for 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours.
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