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Mol Biol Evol
2021 Mar 09;383:981-985. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaa262.
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Mitogenomes Reveal Alternative Initiation Codons and Lineage-Specific Gene Order Conservation in Echinoderms.
Quek ZBR
,
Chang JJM
,
Ip YCA
,
Chan YKS
,
Huang D
.
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The mitochondrial genetic code is much more varied than the standard genetic code. The invertebrate mitochondrial code, for instance, comprises six initiation codons, including five alternative start codons. However, only two initiation codons are known in the echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code, the canonical ATG and alternative GTG. Here, we analyzed 23 Asteroidea mitogenomes, including ten newly sequenced species and unambiguously identified at least two other start codons, ATT and ATC, both of which also initiate translation of mitochondrial genes in other invertebrates. These findings underscore the diversity of the genetic code and expand upon the suite of initiation codons among echinoderms to avoid erroneous annotations. Our analyses have also uncovered the remarkable conservation of gene order among asteroids, echinoids, and holothuroids, with only an interchange between two gene positions in asteroids over ∼500 Ma of echinoderm evolution.
Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Asteroidea mitochondrial genomes (solid lines) with Echinoidea as outgroup (dotted lines) (left) and mitochondrial initiation codons arranged in gene order (right). Values on nodes represent maximum likelihood bootstrap (â¥50)/posterior probability (â¥0.90) values. Samples sequenced in this study are in bold. ^Two Goniodiscaster scaber samples pooled into a single terminal. */#Annotated as ATT and ATA respectively in GenBank but corrected to ATG (see main text for details). +Possible novel initiation codon but inconclusive (see main text for details). $See Data availability.
Fig. 2. Mitochondrial gene order among the five living classes of Echinodermata.
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