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Heliyon
2021 Jan 18;71:e05970. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05970.
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Effect of CO2 driven ocean acidification on calcification, physiology and ovarian cells of tropical sea urchin Salmacis virgulata - A microcosm approach.
Anand M
,
Rangesh K
,
Maruthupandy M
,
Jayanthi G
,
Rajeswari B
,
Priya RJ
.
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In the present study, we depict the structural modification of test minerals, physiological response and ovarian damage in the tropical sea urchin Salmacis virgulata using microcosm CO2 (Carbon dioxide) perturbation experiment. S. virgulata were exposed to hypercapnic conditions with four different pH levels using CO2 gas bubbling method that reflects ambient level (pH 8.2) and elevated pCO2 scenarios (pH 8.0, 7.8 and 7.6). The variations in physical strength and mechanical properties of S. virgulata test were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanned electron microscopy analysis. Biomarker enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, acetylcholine esterase, lipid peroxidase and reduced glutathione showed physiological stress and highly significant (p < 0.01) towards pH 7.6 and 7.8 treatments. Ovarian cells were highly damaged at pH 7.6 and 7.8 treatments. This study proved that the pH level 7.6 and 7.8 drastically affect calcification, physiological response and ovarian cells in S. virgulata.
Figure 1. Laboratory set up of CO2 perturbated microcosm experiment.
Figure 2. FTIR spectra of control (8.2) and different pH (8.0, 7.8 and 7.6) treated sea urchin shell powders.
Figure 3. Weight loss thermogram pattern of control (8.2) and different pH (8.0, 7.8 and 7.6) treated S. virgulata shell powders. Each sample showed gradual weight loss based on the pH treatment.
Figure 4. X-ray diffractograms of different pH (8.0,7.8 and 7.6) treated and control (8.2) S. virgulata shell powders. Calcite peak is shown with distinct symbols and the longest peak in pH 8.2 indicated the calcite blooming.
Figure 5. a) SEM image of basal surface of the spine of S. virgulata (arrow indicates the basal surface region) b) control (pH 8.2), c) pH 8.0, d) pH 7.8 and e) pH 7.6. The surface of spine looks weaker in low pH treated samples.
Figure 6. Physiological responses in gut tissues of S. virgulata at different pH exposure; a) AChE activity b) CAT activity c) GST activity d) LPx activity and e) GSH activity.
Figure 7. Light microscopic view of histology sections of S. virgulata gonads in 40X magnification shows ovaries exposed to a) control (pH 8.2) and different pH treatments b) pH 8.0 c) pH 7.8 and d) pH 7.6. The metachromasy of ovaries sections at the lumen of the gonad showed the cell disruption and rupture (arrow) visible in gonads exposed to pH 7.6 and pH 7.8. Gonad lesions were not found in ovary cells exposed to ambient pH but in near future acidification pH 8.0, the slight lesion found. All Scale bars indicate 50 μm.
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