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Divalent metal transporter-related protein restricts animals to marine habitats.
Sassa M
,
Takagi T
,
Kinjo A
,
Yoshioka Y
,
Zayasu Y
,
Shinzato C
,
Kanda S
,
Murakami-Sugihara N
,
Shirai K
,
Inoue K
.
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Utilization and regulation of metals from seawater by marine organisms are important physiological processes. To better understand metal regulation, we searched the crown-of-thorns starfish genome for the divalent metal transporter (DMT) gene, a membrane protein responsible for uptake of divalent cations. We found two DMT-like sequences. One is an ortholog of vertebrate DMT, but the other is an unknown protein, which we named DMT-related protein (DMTRP). Functional analysis using a yeast expression system demonstrated that DMT transports various metals, like known DMTs, but DMTRP does not. In contrast, DMTRP reduced the intracellular concentration of some metals, especially zinc, suggesting its involvement in negative regulation of metal uptake. Phylogenetic distribution of the DMTRP gene in various metazoans, including sponges, protostomes, and deuterostomes, indicates that it originated early in metazoan evolution. However, the DMTRP gene is only retained in marine species, and its loss seems to have occurred independently in ecdysozoan and vertebrate lineages from which major freshwater and land animals appeared. DMTRP may be an evolutionary and ecological limitation, restricting organisms that possess it to marine habitats, whereas its loss may have allowed other organisms to invade freshwater and terrestrial habitats.
Fig. 1. Comparison of amino acid sequences of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, divalent metal transporter (ApDMT) and DMT-related protein (ApDMTRP).Alignment was carried out with MAFFT version 7. Identical amino acids are indicated by asterisks. Conservative and semi-conservative substitutions are indicated with colons and periods, respectively. Black arrows indicate consensus transport motifs (CTMs). Blue arrowheads indicate positions of introns. Black boxes indicate functionally important amino acid residues.
Fig. 2. Conserved motif locations of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, divalent metal transporter (ApDMT) and DMT-related protein (ApDMTRP).Conserved domains were identified using the MEME web server. Colored boxes indicate motifs. Black lines indicate whole proteins and numbers on the right side indicate the length of the encoded amino acid sequence of each gene.
Fig. 3. Genes around divalent metal transporter (DMT) and DMT-related protein (DMTRP) genes.a The crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci and b the European starfish, Asterias rubens. Scaffold names and chromosome numbers are indicated on the left. Genes and their orientations are indicated by pentagons of the same size. DMT, DMTRP, and other genes are indicated in blue, magenta, and gray. Numbers above the COTS scaffold indicate start or end positions of gene locations. Protein names and gene IDs are listed in Table S2.
Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood trees of divalent metal transporter (DMT)-like protein sequences obtained from databases.A tree constructed using metazoan sequences. The tree was rooted using the sequence of a choanoflagellate, Monosiga brevicollis, as an outgroup. Bootstrap values more than 70% are indicated at nodes. The scale bar represents a phylogenetic distance of 0.2 substitutions per site.
Fig. 5. Subcellular localization of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, divalent metal transporter (ApDMT) and DMT-related proteins (ApDMTRP) fused with EGFP expressed in yeasts.Yeasts (DY1457) were transformed with ApDMT and ApDMTRP genes fused to the EGFP gene and observed with fluorescent and phase contrast microscopy. Yeasts expressing EGFP alone (EGFP) and those transformed with an empty vector (EV) are shown for comparison. The scale bar is 10 μm.
Fig. 6. Heavy metal accumulation in yeasts in which the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, divalent metal transporter (ApDMT) and DMT-related proteins (ApDMTRP) were expressed.Wild-type or metal uptake-deficient strains of yeasts were transformed with the expression vector pDR195 containing ApDMT or ApDMTRP or empty vector (EV), and exposed to media containing FeCl3 (a, b), MnSO4 (c, d), ZnCl2 (e, f), CdCl2 (g), PbCl2 (h), or CuCl2 (i). The vertical axis shows the intracellular concentration measured by ICP-MS normalized by yeast optical density (OD600). The horizontal axis shows the names of expressed genes/yeast strains. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM (n = 3). One or two asterisks on the bar represent statistical significance by one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc HSD test at p < 0.01(**) or p < 0.05(*). DY, wild-type strain of DEY1453 and ZHY3; DEY, Fe-uptake-deficient yeast strain DEY1453; ZHY, Zn-uptake-deficient yeast strain ZHY3; BY4743, wild-type strain of single mutant strain HomDip-YOL122C lacking SMF1; smf1, Mn-uptake-deficient yeast strain HomDip-YOL122C lacking SMF1. Dot plots shows individual data points. Dot plots data are in Supplementary Data 2.
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