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Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing how exposure time was varied throughout the toxicity tests described for the copepod Acartia sinjiensis, the sea urchin Heliocidaris tuberculata, and the fish Seriola lalandi to produced water and condensate and crude oil water‐accommodated fractions. Organisms were exposed to either control or treatment conditions for 2, 4 to 6, or 12 to 24 h and then transferred to filtered seawater. For comparison, a parallel treatment was run concurrently where the organisms were not transferred to new media during the assay. FSW = filtered seawater.
Figure 2. Effect of test duration on mobility of the marine adult copepod (Acartia sinjiensis) when exposed to condensate water‐accommodated fraction (WAF; A), crude oil WAF (B), and produced water (C) as measured by total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH) for 2, 4 to 5, or 48 h (continuous). Means and 1 standard deviation (n = 4) are plotted; for graphical representation on the log scale, controls were set to 0.05 µg TPAH/L. Exposure times for produced water and crude oil WAFs were 5 h, and condensate WAF exposure was 4 h; but they are grouped together for ease of comparison in Figure 2 as 4 to 5 h. * Indicates statistically significant difference in effect at TPAH concentration between the short‐term (2‐ or 4‐ to 5‐h) and the continuous exposures.
Figure 3. Effect of test duration on normal larval development of the sea urchin (Heliocidaris tuberculata) when exposed to condensate water‐accommodated fraction (WAF; A), crude oil WAF (B), and produced water (C) as measured by total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH) for 2 or 72 h (continuous). Means and 1 standard deviation (n = 4) are plotted; for graphical representation on the log scale, controls were set to 0.05 µg TPAH/L. *Indicates statistically significant difference in effect at TPAH concentration between the short‐term (2‐h) and the continuous exposures.
Figure 4. Effect of exposure duration on frequency of pericardial edema (A–C) and spinal curvature (D–F) of embryonic fish (Seriola lalandi) when exposed to condensate water‐accommodated fraction (WAF; A,D), crude oil WAF (B,E), and produced water (C,F) as measured by total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAHs) for 2, 6 to 12, 24, or 48 h (continuous). Means and 1 standard deviation (n = 5) are plotted; for graphical representation on the log scale, controls were set to 0.05 µg TPAH/L. Exposure times for produced water and condensate WAFs were 6 h, and crude oil WAF exposure was 12 h; but they are grouped together for ease of comparison in Figure 4 as 6 to 12 h.
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