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PeerJ
2019 Jan 01;7:e7264. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7264.
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Site specificity and attachment mode of Symcallio and Calliobothrium species (Cestoda: "Tetraphyllidea") in smoothhound sharks of the genus Mustelus (Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae).
Bernot JP
,
Caira JN
.
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Previous studies suggest that cestodes (i.e., tapeworms) of the sister genera Symcallio and Calliobothrium attach in different specific regions of the spiral intestine of their triakid shark hosts, with species of Symcallio attaching in the anterior region of the spiral intestine and species of Calliobothrium attaching with a broader distribution centered around the middle of the spiral intestine. In the present study, we tested the generality of this pattern of site specificity in two additional species pairs: Symcallio peteri and Calliobothrium euzeti in Mustelus palumbes and S. leuckarti and C. wightmanorum in M. asterias. Finding that these cestodes also exhibit the aforementioned pattern, we investigated a series of functional explanations that might account for this phylogenetically conserved pattern of site specificity. The mucosal surface of the spiral intestine of both shark species was characterized, as were the attachment mechanisms of all four cestode species. Although anatomical differences in mucosal surface were seen along the length of the spiral intestine in both shark species, these differences do not appear to correspond to the attachment mode of these cestodes. We find that while species of Symcallio, like most cestodes, attach using their scolex, species of Calliobothrium attach with their scolex and, to a much greater extent, also with their strobila. Furthermore, attachment of Calliobothrium species appears to be enhanced by laciniations (flap-like extensions on the posterior margins of the proglottids) that interdigitate with elements of the mucosal surface of the spiral intestine. The role of proglottid laciniations in attachment in species of Calliobothrium helps reconcile a number of morphological features that differ between these two closely related cestode genera.
Figure 1. Comparison of major differences between Calliobothrium and Symcallio.Calliobothrium (A) Light micrograph of whole worm. (B) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of scolex. (C) SEM of immature proglottids with two laciniations. (D) SEM detailing spinithrix patch on proglottid laciniation in C. (E) SEM of immature proglottid with three laciniations. (F) SEM of immature proglottids with four laciniations. (G) SEM of mature proglottids with two laciniations. Symcallio (H) Light micrograph of whole worm, shown at same scale as A. (I) SEM of scolex, shown at same scale as B.
Figure 2. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of mucosal surface of spiral intestine and cestodes.Major mucosal elements visible as large ridges (black dimension lines in (A–C); minor mucosal elements visible as small villi. Mustelus palumbes mucosal surface of spiral intestine (A) Chamber 1. (B) Chamber 4. (C) Chamber 8. (D) SEM of mucosal surface of chamber 3 of spiral intestine of M. palumbes with Calliobothrium euzeti attached. (E) Detail of D. (F) SEM of anterior region of strobila of Calliobothrium wightmanorum.
Figure 3. Total number of attached specimens recovered from each chamber of the spiral intestine in five individuals of Mustelus palumbes.(A) Symcallio peteri. (B) Calliobothrium euzeti.
Figure 4. Total number of attached specimens of Symcallio leuckarti and Calliobothrium wightmanorum recovered from each chamber of the spiral intestine in 11 individuals of Mustelus asterias.
Figure 5. Histological sections of mucosal surface of Mustelus palumbes with cestodes attached.(A) Symcallio peteri scolex. (B) Calliobothrium euzeti scolex and strobila. (C) C. euzeti strobila. (D) C. euzeti proglottid laciniations. Arrowheads in (C) and (D) indicate dimples in surface of villi.
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