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PLoS One
2019 Jan 01;147:e0219913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219913.
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Larval connectivity patterns of the North Indo-West Pacific coral reefs.
Pata PR, Yñiguez AT.
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Coral reefs of the North Indo-West Pacific provide important ecosystem services to the region but are subjected to multiple local and global threats. Strengthening management measures necessitate understanding the variability of larval connectivity and bridging global connectivity models to local scales. An individual-based Lagrangian biophysical model was used to simulate connectivity between coral reefs for three organisms with different early life history characteristics: a coral (Acropora millepora), a sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla), and a reef fish (Epinephelus sp). Connectivity metrics and reef clusters were computed from the settlement probability matrices. Fitted power law functions derived from the dispersal kernels provided relative probabilities of connection given only the distance between reefs, and demonstrated that 95% of the larvae across organisms settled within a third of their maximum settlement distances. The magnitude of the connectivity metric values of reef cells were sensitive to differences both in the type of organism and temporal variability. Seasonal variability of connections was more dominant than interannual variability. However, despite these differences, the moderate to high correlation of metrics between organisms and seasonal matrices suggest that the spatial patterns are relatively similar between reefs. A cluster analysis based on the Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity of sink and source connections synthesized the inherent variability of these multiple large connectivity matrices. Through this, similarities in regional connectivity patterns were determined at various cluster sizes depending on the scale of interest. The validity of the model is supported by 1) the simulated dispersal kernels being within the range of reported parentage analysis estimates; and, 2) the clusters that emerged reflect the dispersal barriers implied by previously published population genetics studies. The tools presented here (dispersal kernels, temporal variability maps and reef clustering) can be used to include regional patterns of connectivity into the spatial management of coral reefs.
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Fig 1. Study domain.Blue cells are rasterized coral reef cells derived from the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC) coral reef database [48]. Green cells are land-masked cells based on the Global HYCOM [49] and gray lines refer to the coast line.
Fig 2. Fitted power law functions from dispersal kernels of each model organism.Dark gray dots are the mean settlement probability (Pset) of each source-to-sink distance (dist) with gray areas showing the standard deviation. Note that the axes are in log scale and the limits of the y-axis varies. Verticals lines show the distance of connections at the median (dotted) and at 95th percentile (dashed) of connections.
Fig 4. Variability of mean direction of exports at each reef cell.(A) shows the average standard deviation between seasons, (B) shows the average standard deviation between years. Areas marked with * indicate reefs of high variability mentioned in the text.
Fig 5. Clusters of covarying connectivity patterns based on the Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity matrix of the source and sink connections of the three model organisms.The dendrogram was cut at (A) MCS = 100 and (B) MCS = 5. Each color represents a unique cluster. Reefs boxed in gray were outliers excluded from the clustering. Clusters identified in (A) are (1) Northern Luzon and Taiwan, (2) Philippine internal seas and San Bernardino Strait, (3) Bohol Sea and Surigao Strait, (4) Northern Sulu Sea, (5) Central Sulu Sea, (6) Southern Sulu Sea, (7) Celebes Sea, (8) Vietnam and Paracel Islands, (9) Western Luzon, (10) Northwestern Palawan, (11) Southwestern Palawan, (12) Northern Spratly Islands, and (13) Southern Spratly Islands and Western Borneo.
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