Hennebert E et al. (2018), Involvement of sulfated biopolymers in adhesive...

ECB-ART-46600

Biol Open 2018 Oct 31;711:. doi: 10.1242/bio.037358.

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Involvement of sulfated biopolymers in adhesive secretions produced by marine invertebrates.

Hennebert E , Gregorowicz E , Flammang P .

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Many marine invertebrates use adhesive secretions to attach to underwater surfaces and functional groups borne by their adhesive proteins and carbohydrates, such as catechols and phosphates, play a key role in adhesion. The occurrence of sulfates as recurrent moieties in marine bioadhesives suggests that they could also be involved. However, in most cases, their presence in the adhesive material remains speculative. We investigated the presence of sulfated biopolymers in five marine invertebrates representative of the four types of adhesion encountered in the sea: mussels and tubeworms for permanent adhesion, limpets for transitory adhesion, sea stars for temporary adhesion and sea cucumbers for instantaneous adhesion. The dry adhesive material of mussels, sea stars and sea cucumbers contained about 1% of sulfate. Using anti-sulfotyrosine antibodies and Alcian Blue staining, sulfated proteins and sulfated proteoglycans and/or polysaccharides were identified in the secretory cells and adhesive secretions of all species except the tubeworm. Sulfated proteoglycans appear to play a role only in the non-permanent adhesion of sea stars and limpets in which they could mediate cohesion within the adhesive material. In mussels and sea cucumbers, sulfated biopolymers would rather have an anti-adhesive function, precluding self-adhesion.

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Genes referenced: fhl2 LOC100887844

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	Fig. 1. Model organisms used in this study and their adhesive organs. (A) The mussel M. edulis. (B) The tubeworm S. alveolata. (C) The sea star A. rubens (oral view). (D) The limpet P. vulgata (ventral view). (E) The sea cucumber H. forskali (posterior part). BO, building organ; CT, Cuvierian tubules; F, foot; TF, tube feet.
	Fig. 2. Sulfated biopolymers in the foot of M. edulis. (A) Sagittal section stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1. (B,C) Anterior mucous cells stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1 and anti-sulfotyrosine antibodies, respectively. (D,E) Posterior mucous cells stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1 and anti-sulfotyrosine antibodies, respectively. (F-H) Transverse section through the middle part of the foot showing the accessory gland stained using Arnow stain (F) and the mucous cells stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1 (G) and anti-sulfotyrosine antibodies (H). AG, accessory gland; Ant, anterior; CG, collagen gland; MG, mucous gland; PG, phenol gland; Post, posterior; VG, ventral groove.
	Fig. 3. Byssal adhesive plaque of M. edulis stained with Alcian Blue. (A) Staining at pH 1. (B) Staining at pH 2.5.
	Fig. 4. Absence of sulfated biopolymers in the adhesive glands of S. alveolata. (A) Transverse section in the thorax stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1. (B,C) Cement glands stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1 and 2.5, respectively. AG, adhesive glands; G, gut; HeG, heterogeneous granules; HoG, homogeneous granules.
	Fig. 5. Sulfated biopolymers in the tube foot disc of A. rubens. (A) Longitudinal section through a tube foot stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1. (B,C) Details of (A) in the basal and apical parts of the adhesive epidermis, respectively. (D) Longitudinal section through a disc immunolabelled with anti-sulfotyrosine (red) and anti-Sfp1 (green) antibodies. (E,F) Details of (D) in the middle part of adhesive epidermis and at the level of the disc surface, respectively. AE, adhesive epidermis; CT, connective tissue; NAE, non-adhesive epidermis.
	Fig. 6. Adhesive footprint of A. rubens stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1. (A) General view of a footprint. (B) Detail of the footprint structural meshwork.
	Fig. 7. Sulfated biopolymers in the foot of the limpet P. vulgata. (A) Longitudinal section through the foot and visceral mass of an individual stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1. (B) Higher magnification view showing the sole epithelium and the subepithelial region. (C-E) Detailed views showing the glands P2, P5 and P6 in the subepithelial region, and the glands P8 and P9 in the epithelium. E, epidermis; F, foot; M, mucus; VM, visceral mass.
	Fig. 8. Adhesive footprints of P. vulgata stained with Alcian Blue. (A) Staining at pH 1. (B) Staining at pH 2.5.
	Fig. 9. Sulfated biopolymers in the Cuvierian tubules of the sea cucumber H. forskali. (A) Transverse section through a Cuvierian tubule stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1. (B-D) High magnification images of the mesothelium stained with Alcian Blue at pH 1 (B) and 2.5 (C), and immunolabelled with anti-sulfotyrosine antibodies (D). CT, connective tissue; GC, granular cells; L, lumen; M, mesothelium; P, peritoneocyte.
	Fig. 10. Cuvierian tubule prints of H. forskali stained with Alcian Blue. (A) General view of a tubule print at pH 1. (B,C) Details of the print material at pH 1 (B) and pH 2.5 (C).

References [+] :

Becker, Identification, characterization, and expression levels of putative adhesive proteins from the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata. 2012, Pubmed