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Sci Rep
2018 Aug 15;81:12229. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30572-w.
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Synergistic negative effects of thermal stress and altered food resources on echinoid larvae.
Feehan CJ
,
Ludwig Z
,
Yu S
,
Adams DK
.
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Multiple changes to the marine environment under climate change can have additive or interactive (antagonistic or synergistic) effects on marine organisms. Prompted by observations of anomalously warm sea temperatures and low chlorophyll concentrations during the 2013-2016 warm "Blob" event in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, we examined the combined effects of thermal stress and a shift in food resources on the development of a larval echinoid (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in the laboratory. A high concentration of phytoplankton yielded faster echinus rudiment development at warm versus historical temperature, indicating a mitigating effect of abundant food on thermal stress; however, low phytoplankton concentration or a shift in diet to suspended kelp detritus, yielded slow development and high mortality at warm temperature. The results indicate a synergistic negative effect of thermal stress and altered food resources on larvae of a keystone marine species.
Figure 1. (A) Map of the Salish Sea on the Pacific coast of North America, showing the location of 3 oceanographic buoys (circles) where sea surface temperatures were measured (HB, Halibut Bank; FH, Friday Harbor; NB, Neah Bay). (B) Boxplots of sea surface temperatures (SST, °C) at the 3 buoys over 10 years (2007–2016) in the months of April–June, when larval S. droebachiensis are expected to be most abundant in the water column23. The dashed horizontal blue and red lines indicate the historical (9 °C) and warm (17 °C) temperature treatments applied to larval cultures. The grey band indicates the period of the “Blob†marine heatwave. ND = no data available.
Figure 2. Photomicrographs of larval Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis at age 22 d in treatments consisting of combinations of 3 factors: food type (2 levels: kelp detritus, and phytoplankton), food ration (2 levels: high, and low), and temperature (2 levels: 9 °C, and 17 °C). In panel A: RD = echinus rudiment diameter. Rudiments (R) also are indicated in panels B and E–H. Scale bars are 200 µm.
Figure 3. Rudiment diameters (µm) of larvae at ages 5 to 22 d (d = 0 at fertilization). Treatments are as in Fig. 2. Lines indicate linear relationships. Lowercase letters indicate statistical groupings based on paired comparisons of a significant 4-way interaction in ANCOVA (Tukey’s test, α = 0.05) (Supplementary Table S1). Error bars are +1 SE for n = 4 larvae per treatment, with some errors within the diameter of the symbols. Overlapping data points are shifted by ±1 d for visual clarity.
Figure 4. Proportion of larvae at the 4-, 6-, and 8-arm stage at age 22 d. Treatments are as in Fig. 2. P = Phytoplankton, and K = Kelp detritus. Proportions are based on 4 larvae per treatment.
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