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R Soc Open Sci
2018 Jul 11;57:172182. doi: 10.1098/rsos.172182.
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Synergistic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids and sea cucumber saponin on orotic acid-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats.
Guo Y, Han X, Che H, Li Z, Dong P, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming an increasingly prevalent chronic liver disease all over the world. The present study was undertaken to explore the synergistic effects of sea cucumber saponins (SCS) and eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PL) at ratios of 0.5 : 0.5 and 1 : 1 on NAFLD and demonstrate possible protective mechanisms. It was found that the combination of EPA-PL and SCS at half dose exhibited better effects than EPA-PL or SCS alone and the combination of EPA-PL and SCS at full dose in alleviating orotic acid (OA)-induced symptoms including growth parameters, serum parameters and liver function. Further evaluation of the mechanism illustrated that EPA-PL and SCS combination at the ratio of 0.5 : 0.5 could markedly reduce the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme genes and significantly increase expression of genes relevant to fatty acid β-oxidation including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and its target genes (CPT1, CPT2 and ACOX1), suggesting that the protection of the EPA-PL and SCS combination at the ratio of 0.5 : 0.5 against OA-induced NAFLD might be mainly via lipogenesis inhibition and β-oxidation enhancement in the liver. The synergistic effects of EPA-PL and SCS make it possible to reduce the doses of EPA-PL or SCS to avoid side effects, which is of value for the development of dietary supplements or functional foods for preventing or treating NAFLD.
Figure 3. Synergistic effects of EPA-PL and SCS on hepatic mRNA expression involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in rats. The mRNA expression levels of SREBP-1c (a), FAS (b), ACC (c), G6PDH (d) and ME (e) were measured by RT-qPCR and results were normalized by GAPDH. Date are presented as mean ± s.e.m. (n = 7). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to the Con group. Different letters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 determined by ANOVA (Tukey's test).
Figure 4. Synergistic effects of EPA-PL and SCS on hepatic mRNA expression involved in fatty acid β-oxidation in rats. The mRNA expression levels of PPARα (a), CPT1 (b), CPT2 (c) and ACOX1 (d) were measured by RT-qPCR and results were normalized by GAPDH. Date are presented as mean ± s.e.m. (n = 7). *p < 0.05 compared to the Con group. Different letters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 determined by ANOVA (Tukey's test).
Figure 5. The possible mechanisms involved in the synergistic effects of EPA-PL and SCS in OA-induced NAFLD rats.
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