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Differential Toxicity of Cyanobacteria Isolated from Marine Sponges towards Echinoderms and Crustaceans.
Regueiras A
,
Pereira S
,
Costa MS
,
Vasconcelos V
.
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Marine sponges and cyanobacteria have a long history of co-evolution, with documented genome adaptations in cyanobionts. Both organisms are known to produce a wide variety of natural compounds, with only scarce information about novel natural compounds produced by cyanobionts. In the present study, we aimed to address their toxicological potential, isolating cyanobacteria (n = 12) from different sponge species from the coast of Portugal (mainland, Azores, and Madeira Islands). After large-scale growth, we obtained both organic and aqueous extracts to perform a series of ecologically-relevant bioassays. In the acute toxicity assay, using nauplii of Artemia salina, only organic extracts showed lethality, especially in picocyanobacterial strains. In the bioassay with Paracentrotus lividus, both organic and aqueous extracts produced embryogenic toxicity (respectively 58% and 36%), pointing to the presence of compounds that interfere with growth factors on cells. No development of pluteus larvae was observed for the organic extract of the strain Chroococcales 6MA13ti, indicating the presence of compounds that affect skeleton formation. In the hemolytic assay, none of the extracts induced red blood cells lysis. Organic extracts, especially from picoplanktonic strains, proved to be the most promising for future bioassay-guided fractionation and compounds isolation. This approach allows us to classify the compounds extracted from the cyanobacteria into effect categories and bioactivity profiles.
Figure 1. Mortality rate (%) for the Artemia salina bioassay, after 48 h of exposure, for the organic and aqueous extracts. Controls used included filtered seawater with 0.1% DMSO for negative control and potassium dichromate (8 μg/mL) for positive control. a Assay not performed; * Statistically significant differences between extract and control.
Figure 2. Effects of marine cyanobacterial extracts on embryogenesis of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. (a) Fertilized sea urchin eggs; (b) Normal pluteus larvae resulting from control treatment and (c) Abnormally developed larvae resulting from treatments with cyanobacterial extracts. Scale bar: 100 µm.
Figure 3. Percentage of pluteus larvae developed (embryogenic success) after exposure to aqueous and organic extracts of the cyanobacterial strains. For the controls, filtered seawater was used with 0.1% DMSO (negative) and potassium dichromate at 4 μg/mL (positive). a Assay not performed; * Statistically significant differences between extract and control.
Figure 4. Larval growth from the organic extracts of the cyanobacterial strains. For the controls, filtered seawater was used with 0.1% DMSO (negative) and potassium dichromate at 4 μg/mL (positive). a Assay not performed; * Statistically significant differences between extract and control.
Figure 5. Sampling locations. Two sampling locations were in Portugal mainland: Memória (N 41°13′52.27″, W 8°43′18.34″) and Porto Côvo (N 37°52′3.04″, W 8°47′37.19″). One was in Madeira Island: Caniçal (N 32°44′20.08″, W 16°44′17.55″) and the other in São Miguel Island, Azores: São Roque (N 37°45′15,35″, W 25°38′31.60″).
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