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Mar Drugs
2018 Apr 12;164:. doi: 10.3390/md16040126.
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Astaxanthin Restrains Nitrative-Oxidative Peroxidation in Mitochondrial-Mimetic Liposomes: A Pre-Apoptosis Model.
Mano CM
,
Guaratini T
,
Cardozo KHM
,
Colepicolo P
,
Bechara EJH
,
Barros MP
.
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Astaxanthin (ASTA) is a ketocarotenoid found in many marine organisms and that affords many benefits to human health. ASTA is particularly effective against radical-mediated lipid peroxidation, and recent findings hypothesize a "mitochondrial-targeted" action of ASTA in cells. Therefore, we examined the protective effects of ASTA against lipid peroxidation in zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine liposomes (PCLs) and anionic phosphatidylcholine: phosphatidylglycerol liposomes (PCPGLs), at different pHs (6.2 to 8.0), which were challenged by oxidizing/nitrating conditions that mimic the regular and preapoptotic redox environment of active mitochondria. Pre-apoptotic conditions were created by oxidized/nitr(osyl)ated cytochrome c and resulted in the highest levels of lipoperoxidation in both PCL and PCPGLs (pH 7.4). ASTA was less protective at acidic conditions, especially in anionic PCPGLs. Our data demonstrated the ability of ASTA to hamper oxidative and nitrative events that lead to cytochrome c-peroxidase apoptosis and lipid peroxidation, although its efficiency changes with pH and lipid composition of membranes.
Figure 1. Fluorescence of 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM) with 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) decomposition in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing egg yolk phosphatidyl choline liposomes (PCL), hemeproteins (cytochrome c; cytc, or myoglobin; Mb) or Cu,Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD).
Figure 2. Shift of the cyt c Soret band (Δλmax) treated with SIN-1 with PCL, in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, for 20 min.
Figure 3. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels of PCL or phosphatidyl choline:phosphatidyl glycerol liposomes (PCPGLs) treated with cyt c, and/or SIN-1, at pH 7.4. (* p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 4. TBARS levels of (a) PCL or (b) PCPGLs, loaded (+ASTA) or not (-ASTA) with 25 µM Astaxanthin (ASTA) and treated with SIN-1/cyt.c in 50 mM phosphate buffer, in different pH. * p ≤ 0.05 compared to respective ASTA-loaded liposome; § p ≤ 0.05 compared to pH 6.2 and 6.8; † p ≤ 0.05 compared to pH 6.2, 6.8, and 8.0; and ‡ p ≤ 0.05 compared to 6.2, 6.8, and 7.4.
Figure 5. MDA levels of (a) PCL or (b) PCPGLs treated with SIN-1/cyt.c, in the presence or absence of 25 µM ASTA, in 50 mM phosphate buffer, in different pH. * p ≤ 0.05.
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