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Int J Environ Res Public Health
2018 Apr 01;154:. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15040652.
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Is a Water Content of 60% Maximum Water Holding Capacity Suitable for Folsomia candida Reproduction Tests? A Study with Silver Nanoparticles and AgNO₃.
McKee MS
,
Megía Guerrero A
,
Filser J
.
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Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are increasingly emitted to the environment due to a rise in application in various products; therefore, assessment of their potential risks for biota is important. In this study the effects of AgNP at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.6-375 µg kg-1 soil) on the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) soil was examined at different soil water contents. Animals were retrieved by heat extraction, which had an efficiency of about 90% compared with the floatation method. The tested water content range is set by OECD Guideline 232 (40-60% of the maximum water holding capacity, WHC), and we detected significant differences in toxicity due to these. With AgNO₃, used as an ionic control, the number of juveniles significantly decreased only at 40% WHC, which might be due to dilution of the toxicant at higher soil water content. In turn, at 60% WHC, the reproduction of F. candida significantly increased in the presence of AgNP compared with in the control. However, at this water content, the required number of juveniles in the control treatment was not reached in three independent tests. The fact that the OECD validity criterion is not met indicates that the soil conditions are not suitable for reproduction at 60% WHC.
Figure 1. Extraction efficiency of the dynamic heat extraction at different soil water contents. Mean number of juveniles ± SE (n = 8) in untreated water controls after a 28 day reproduction test.
Figure 2. Effects of NM-300K dispersant (a), silver nanoparticles (AgNP) NM-300K (b), and AgNO3 (c) at 40% maximum water holding capacity on F. candida reproduction. Results of a 28-day reproduction test based on the miniaturized OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) test of Filser et al. (2014) [21]. The unit is µg Ag·kg−1 soil, and the dispersant treatments contain the same amount of dispersant as the AgNP treatment labeled with the same concentration. Asterisks indicate significant statistical differences to the respective control (Wilcoxon test, p > 0.05). Mean number of juveniles ± SE, n = 5; control: n = 8.
Figure 3. Effects of NM-300K dispersant (a), AgNP NM-300K (b), and AgNO3 (c) at 50% maximum water holding capacity on F. candida reproduction. Results of a 28-day reproduction test based on the miniaturized OECD test of Filser et al. (2014) [21]. The unit is µg Ag·kg−1 soil and the dispersant treatments contain the same amount of dispersant as the AgNP treatment labeled with the same concentration. Mean number of juveniles ± SE, n = 5; control: n = 8.
Figure 4. Effects of NM-300K dispersant (a), AgNP NM-300K (b), and AgNO3 (c) at 60% maximum water holding capacity on F. candida reproduction. Results of a 28-day reproduction test based on the miniaturized OECD test of Filser et al. (2014) [21]. The unit is µg Ag·kg−1 soil and the dispersant treatments have the same amount of dispersant as the AgNP treatment labeled with the same concentration. Asterisks indicate significant statistical differences to the respective control (Wilcoxon test, p > 0.05). Mean number of juveniles ± SE, n = 5; control: n = 8.
Figure 5. F. candida reproduction in the control treatments with different water contents. The mean number of juveniles after a 28 day reproduction test. The three treatments differ in percent of the maximum water holding capacity (WHCmax) of OECD soil. Mean ± SE, n = 8.
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