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Nat Commun
2018 Mar 05;91:952. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03383-w.
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Convergent shifts in host-associated microbial communities across environmentally elicited phenotypes.
Carrier TJ
,
Reitzel AM
.
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Morphological plasticity is a genotype-by-environment interaction that enables organisms to increase fitness across varying environments. Symbioses with diverse microbiota may aid in acclimating to this variation, but whether the associated bacteria community is phenotype specific remains understudied. Here we induce morphological plasticity in three species of sea urchin larvae and measure changes in the associated bacterial community. While each host species has unique bacterial communities, the expression of plasticity results in the convergence on a phenotype-specific microbiome that is, in part, driven by differential association with α- and γ-proteobacteria. Furthermore, these results suggest that phenotype-specific signatures are the product of the environment and are correlated with ingestive and digestive structures. By manipulating diet quantity over time, we also show that differentially associating with microbiota along a phenotypic continuum is bidirectional. Taken together, our data support the idea of a phenotype-specific microbial community and that phenotypic plasticity extends beyond a genotype-by-environment interaction.
Fig. 1. Three species of echinoid larvae alter phenotype to feeding environment. Ratio between the post-oral arm and mid-body line (mean ± standard error; n = 20; Supplementary Fig. 1D) for Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (a), Mesocentrotus franciscanus (b), and S. droebachiensis (c) larvae having been fed either 10,000 (black), 1000 (dark gray), 100 (gray), and 0 cells mL−1 (light gray). For S. droebachiensis, larval phenotype was also manipulated (white) by being fed 0 cells mL−1 for 3 weeks, then transferred to 10,000 cells mL−1 for 3 weeks (i.e., until metamorphosis)
Fig. 2. Similarity of the associated microbial community along a phenotypic continuum for three species of echinoid larvae. Community similarity of the associated microbiota for Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (a), Mesocentrotus franciscanus (b), and S. droebachiensis (c) prior to (blue) and post (purple and yellow) expression of phenotypic plasticity. Along this continuum, larvae differentially associate with α- and γ-proteobacteria pre- and post-expression of phenotypic plasticity, respectively (d
S. purpuratus; e
M. franciscanus; f
S. droebachiensis)
Fig. 3. Differential abundance of OTUs along a morphological continuum for three species of echinoid larvae. Total (a) and ratio of (b) over- and under-represented OTUs associated with Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Mesocentrotus franciscanus, and S. droebachiensis larvae following the expression of phenotypic plasticity (black) and in relation to the change in larval morphology (gray). Species on the x axis are organized from least to most maternal investment, a direct correlate of the expression of phenotypic plasticity
Fig. 4. Induction of differential associations in the microbial community based on feeding environment for three species of echinoid larvae. Community similarity of the associated microbiota for Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (a, d), Mesocentrotus franciscanus (b, e), and S. droebachiensis (c, f) prior to (a–c) and post (d–f) expression of phenotypic plasticity, with larvae having been fed 10,000 (blue), 1000 (yellow), 100 (maroon), or 0 cells mL−1 (orange)
Fig. 5. Decoupling phenotype-specific microbial communities from diet, development, and time for two species of echinoid larvae. Community similarity of the associated microbiota for Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (a) and Mesocentrotus franciscanus (b) larvae at the 8- (maroon), 6- (orange), and 4-arm (yellow) stage having been fed 10,000; 1000; and 100 cells mL−1, respectively, in comparison with larvae pre-expression (blue) and post-expression (purple and yellow) of phenotypic plasticity
Fig. 6. Bidirectional plasticity in the associated microbial communities for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis larvae. Community similarity of the associated microbiota for S. droebachiensis larvae fed 10,000 cells mL−1 (purple) until metamorphosis and 0 cells mL−1 (orange) for 3 weeks, versus larvae fed 0 cells mL−1 for 3 weeks, then switched to 10,000 cells mL−1 until metamorphosis (blue)
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