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PLoS One
2017 Jan 01;1212:e0188515. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188515.
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Partitioning no-take marine reserve (NTMR) and benthic habitat effects on density of small and large-bodied tropical wrasses.
Russ GR
,
Lowe JR
,
Rizzari JR
,
Bergseth BJ
,
Alcala AC
.
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No-take marine reserves (NTMRs) are increasingly implemented for fisheries management and biodiversity conservation. Yet, assessing NTMR effectiveness depends on partitioning the effects of NTMR protection and benthic habitat on protected species. Such partitioning is often difficult, since most studies lack well-designed sampling programs (i.e. Before-After-Control-Impact-Pair designs) spanning long-term time scales. Spanning 31 years, this study quantifies the effects of NTMR protection and changes to benthic habitat on the density of tropical wrasses (F. Labridae) at Sumilon and Apo Islands, Philippines. Five species of wrasse were studied: two species of large-bodied (40-50 cm TL) Hemigymnus that were vulnerable to fishing, and three species of small-bodied (10-25 cm TL) Thalassoma and Cirrhilabrus that were not targeted by fishing. NTMR protection had no measurable effect on wrasse density, irrespective of species or body size, over 20 (Sumilon) and 31 (Apo) years of protection. However, the density of wrasses was often affected strongly by benthic cover. Hemigymnus spp. had a positive association with hard coral cover, while Thalassoma spp. and Cirrhilabrus spp. had strong positive associations with cover of rubble and dead substratum. These associations were most apparent after environmental disturbances (typhoons, coral bleaching, crown of thorns starfish (COTS) outbreaks, use of explosives and drive nets) reduced live hard coral cover and increased cover of rubble, dead substratum and sand. Disturbances that reduced hard coral cover often reduced the density of Hemigymnus spp. and increased the density of Thalassoma spp. and Cirrhilabrus spp. rapidly (1-2 years). As hard coral recovered, density of Hemigymnus spp. often increased while density of Thalassoma spp. and Cirrhilabrus spp. often decreased, often on scales of 5-10 years. This study demonstrates that wrasse population density was influenced more by changes to benthic cover than by protection from fishing.
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29216194
???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC5720769 ???displayArticle.link???PLoS One
Fig 1. Location of the study sites in the central Philippines.Inset A: Sumilon Island. Inset B: Apo Island. Crosshatching indicates no-take marine reserve area. Black rectangles show approximate positions of permanent 50 m * 20 m replicate transects for fish and benthic surveys.
Fig 2. Long-term (1983–2014) trends of H. melapterus density.a) Sumilon NTMR and fished sites, b) Apo NTMR and fished sites. Error bars are standard error (SE). Trend lines are polynomials.
Fig 3. Long-term temporal trends in density of (a) H. melapterus, (b) H. fasciatus, (c) T. hardwickii (1999–2014), (d) T. lunare (2000–2014), (e) Cirrhilabrus spp., and temporal trends in cover of hard corals (CBCT and CMCE combined) at Apo fished and NTMR (reserve) sites.Wrasse density is shown by black points and continuous trend lines. Hard coral cover is shown by white data points and dotted trend lines. Environmental disturbance events are indicated by arrows: 1998 coral bleaching event–white, 2011 and 2012 typhoon events–black. Standard errors (SE) are displayed on plots, along with polynomial trend lines.
Fig 4. Long-term temporal trends in density of (a) H. melapterus, (b) H. fasciatus, (c) T. hardwickii (1999–2014), (d) T. lunare (1983–1999), (e) Cirrhilabrus spp., and temporal trends in cover of hard corals (CBCT and CMCE combined) at Sumilon fished and NTMR (reserve) sites.Wrasse density is shown by black points and continuous trend lines. Hard coral cover is shown by white data points and dotted trend lines. Environmental disturbance events are indicated by arrows: 1984 to 1986 destructive fishing event–grey, 1998 coral bleaching event–white, 2012 typhoon event–black. Standard errors (SE) are displayed on plots, along with polynomial trend lines.
Fig 5. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) performed on distance matrices of benthic cover and wrasse assemblage structure.a) Assemblage structure of the benthos at Sumilon and Apo Islands, b) assemblage structure of wrasses at Sumilon and Apo Islands. Black shapes represent fished sites, white shapes represent NTMR sites. Benthic components include: DS = dead substratum, HC = hard coral (CBCT and CMCE combined), SC = soft coral, SCI = structural complexity. Assemblage shifts from HC to DS dominance post-2011 and2012 typhoon events at Apo NTMR and Sumilon fished sites are indicated by an eclipse.
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