Syst Parasitol 2017 Nov 01;949:1007-1017. doi: 10.1007/s11230-017-9754-0.

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Species of Syndesmis Francois, 1886 are rhabdocoel platyhelminths typically found in echinoids. Our knowledge of this group is based on old and insufficient studies, generally representing light microscopy-based species descriptions. Syndesmis aethopharynx Westervelt & Kozloff, 1990 is an understudied endosymbiont of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck), which is likely to have been confused with the type-species, i.e. Syndesmis echinorum François, 1886, in the literature. In this work, S. aethopharynx is revisited based on new data on surface morphology and phylogeny and basic ecological data are provided. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the whole ventral region of the worm is equipped with cilia, which supports the assumption that the unciliated epidermal area reported for some species of umagillids, likewise endosymbiotic in echinoderms, is an apomorphy. Following the results of the molecular phylogenetic analysis, species of Syndesmis are closely-related to symbionts of other echinoderms, i.e. holothurians, and like them, may have evolved from some free-living or symbiotic Provorticidae ancestor. Syndesmis spp. may stand for a key group in studying the evolution of feeding strategies in rhabdocoels, as their phylogenetic position is between intestinal and coelomic symbionts, and since both the digestive tube and perivisceral fluid were recorded as sites of infection. The infection levels were low, likely reflecting the aggregated distribution of the host and the fragile nature of the symbiont.

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