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Ecol Evol
2017 Aug 14;718:7534-7547. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3285.
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Clonal structure through space and time: High stability in the holothurian Stichopus chloronotus (Echinodermata).
Pirog A
,
Gélin P
,
Bédier A
,
Bianchetti G
,
Georget S
,
Frouin P
,
Magalon H
.
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Sea cucumbers are increasingly exploited for human consumption and for their curative properties, and many wild populations are now depleted or in danger of extinction. While aquaculture is seen as an alternative to fisheries and as a mean to restore wild populations, more knowledge is needed on their reproductive strategies to render this practice efficient, notably for fissiparous holothurians, which are some of the mobile animals able of asexual reproduction by transverse fission. Little information is available on their population genetic diversity and structure. Here, the clonal structure of populations of the fissiparous sea cucumber Stichopus chloronotus has been investigated using nine microsatellite loci and a random sampling, at different spatial (intra-reef and inter-reef) and temporal (inter-season and inter-year) scales. Our findings highlight the importance of asexual reproduction in maintaining these populations, and the prevalence of the "initial seedling recruitment" strategy (ISR), leading to a high stability of clonal composition over seasons and years. It also seemed that clonal propagation was limited to the reef scale (<10 km) while reefs were connected by sexual dispersal. This is the first time that clonal structure in sea cucumbers has been studied at such a fine scale, with a specific sampling strategy. It provides key findings on the genetic diversity and structure of fissiparous sea cucumbers, which will be useful for the management of wild populations and aquaculture.
Figure 1. Map of the sampling sites of Stichopus chloronotus in Reunion Island. Circles represent high‐density sites while diamonds low‐density sites. In black, sites sampled during T0; in gray, sites sampled during T2
Figure 2. Clonal distribution within each station and each site for each sampling year and season. Each sector represents a multi‐locus genotype (MLG) and is proportional to the number of individuals presenting this MLG. A specific color was assigned to each MLG shared by at least two individuals, while MLGs presented by only one individual were left blank. Numbers in each cell indicate the number of individuals whose MLGs present no missing data. Numbers in parentheses in the legend indicate the number of individuals presenting the MLG
Figure 3. Network topology of multi‐locus genotypes (MLGs) identified in Stichopus chloronotus whole sampling based on the Rozenfeld's distance. Only links with distances smaller or equal to the percolation threshold (Dpe = 0.89) are presented. Nodes, representing MLGs, are arranged according to their geographic coordinates. Node size is proportional to the number of individuals harboring each MLG. Node colors correspond to reefs
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