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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
2017 Jun 01;2416:14218-14233. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8851-6.
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Response of marine benthic fauna to thin-layer capping with activated carbon in a large-scale field experiment in the Grenland fjords, Norway.
Samuelsson GS
,
Raymond C
,
Agrenius S
,
Schaanning M
,
Cornelissen G
,
Gunnarsson JS
.
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A field experiment with thin-layer capping was conducted in the Grenland fjords, Norway, for remediation in situ of mercury and dioxin-contaminated sediments. Experimental fields at 30 and 95 m depth were capped with (i) powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay (AC+cla`y), (ii) clay, and (iii) crushed limestone. Ecological effects on the benthic community and species-feeding guilds were studied 1 and 14 months after capping, and a total of 158 species were included in the analyses. The results show that clay and limestone had only minor effects on the benthic community, while AC+clay caused severe perturbations. AC+clay reduced the abundance, biomass, and number of species by up to 90% at both 30 and 95 m depth, and few indications of recovery were found during the period of this investigation. The negative effects of AC+clay were observed on a wide range of species with different feeding strategies, although the suspension feeding brittle star Amphiura filiformis was particularly affected. Even though activated carbon is effective in reducing sediment-to-water fluxes of dioxins and other organic pollutants, this study shows that capping with powdered AC can lead to substantial disturbances to the benthic community.
Fig. 1.
a The Grenland fjords are located in south-eastern Norway. b The magnesium smelter (pollutant source) was situated in the inner part of the fjord system, nearby the mouth of the Skien River. c The experimental fields at 30 m are located in the Ormerfjord, and d the fields at 80–95 m depth are located in the Eidangerfjord
Fig. 2. Similarities and dissimilarities in the macrobenthic community in a dendrogram for hierarchical cluster analysis at 30 m depth (group average linking), b ordination plot (n-MDS) at 30 m depth, and c ordination plot (n-MDS) at 80–95 m depth
Fig. 3. Organisms sorted in feeding guilds and taxonomic groups in: a number of species per sample at 30 m, b number of species per sample at 80–95 m, c organism abundance per square meter at 30 m, d organism abundance per square meter at 80–95 m, e biomass (g wet weight) per square meter at 30 m, f biomass (g wet weight) per square meter at 80–95 m. Mean ± SE, month 1 n = 3, month 14 n = 5
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