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PLoS One
2017 Jan 01;121:e0169906. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169906.
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Temporal and Spatial Variations of Bacterial and Faunal Communities Associated with Deep-Sea Wood Falls.
Pop Ristova P
,
Bienhold C
,
Wenzhöfer F
,
Rossel PE
,
Boetius A
.
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Sinking of large organic food falls i.e. kelp, wood and whale carcasses to the oligotrophic deep-sea floor promotes the establishment of locally highly productive and diverse ecosystems, often with specifically adapted benthic communities. However, the fragmented spatial distribution and small area poses challenges for the dispersal of their microbial and faunal communities. Our study focused on the temporal dynamics and spatial distributions of sunken wood bacterial communities, which were deployed in the vicinity of different cold seeps in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Norwegian deep-seas. By combining fingerprinting of bacterial communities by ARISA and 454 sequencing with in situ and ex situ biogeochemical measurements, we show that sunken wood logs have a locally confined long-term impact (> 3y) on the sediment geochemistry and community structure. We confirm previous hypotheses of different successional stages in wood degradation including a sulphophilic one, attracting chemosynthetic fauna from nearby seep systems. Wood experiments deployed at similar water depths (1100-1700 m), but in hydrographically different oceanic regions harbored different wood-boring bivalves, opportunistic faunal communities, and chemosynthetic species. Similarly, bacterial communities on sunken wood logs were more similar within one geographic region than between different seas. Diverse sulphate-reducing bacteria of the Deltaproteobacteria, the sulphide-oxidizing bacteria Sulfurovum as well as members of the Acidimicrobiia and Bacteroidia dominated the wood falls in the Eastern Mediterranean, while Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriia colonized the Norwegian Sea wood logs. Fauna and bacterial wood-associated communities changed between 1 to 3 years of immersion, with sulphate-reducers and sulphide-oxidizers increasing in proportion, and putative cellulose degraders decreasing with time. Only 6% of all bacterial genera, comprising the core community, were found at any time on the Eastern Mediterranean sunken wooden logs. This study suggests that biogeography and succession play an important role for the composition of bacteria and fauna of wood-associated communities, and that wood can act as stepping-stones for seep biota.
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28122036
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Fig 1. ROV-based images of the wood experiments.Photos portray the condition of the wood experiments during the deployment and sample recovery in the (a–i) Eastern Mediterranean sea (Central Province) and the (j–k) Norwegian sea (HMMV). Pictures a, c, d, f, g, i, j, k reprinted with permission from MARUM, University Bremen, Germany. Pictures b, e, h reprinted from [14] under a CC BY license, with permission from PLOS ONE, original copyright 2013.
Fig 2. A close-up of wood logs colonized by wood-boring bivalves.Photos depict prominent differences in the degradation of wood experiments by wood-boring bivalves in the Norwegian (a) and Eastern Mediterranean Sea (b). Burrows with calcareous linings built by Xyloredo ingolfia at the Norwegian Sea wood experiment are visible on the left panel (a). The right panel shows the burrows of Xylophaga spp., which produce large quantities of wood chips (see Fig 1).
Fig 4. Temporal variation in the taxonomical composition of bacterial classes during three years of submergence.For the first two bars, data from all wood experiments (EMed-CP-wood#1, EMed-CP-wood#2 and EMed-CP-wood#5) of the Central Province in the Eastern Mediterranean immersed for one (Y1) and three (Y3) years, respectively, were pooled together.
Fig 5. Spatial variations in the wood-associated bacterial community structure.3D NMDS analysis (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) (a) and percentage of shared 454 OTU0.03 (lower triangle) and ARISA OTUs (upper triangle) (b), depicting spatial variations in the structure of wood bacterial communities (immersed for 3 years) between wood experiments of different geographic regions i.e. Central Province, Amon Mud Volcano and the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano. ARISA data used for the NMDS analysis includes samples of the following wood experiments: EMed-CP-wood#1-Y3, EMed-CP-wood#2-Y3, EMed-CP-wood#5-Y3, EMed-AMV-wood#3-Y3, EMed-AMV-wood#4-Y3 and the NorS-HMMV-wood#1-Y3). The complete 3D NMDS configuration is displayed in S4 Fig.
Fig 6. Taxonomical comparison of bacterial communities at the class (a) and genus (b) level. Analysis reveal spatial variations in the wood-associated bacterial communities immersed for 3 years between experiments at the Central Province (CP), Amon Mud Volcano (Amon) and Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (HMMV). (a) Depicts the five and (b) the ten most sequence-abundant classes and genera, respectively, given as percentages. For this analysis sample of wood experiments deployed in the same province were pooled together. See also S6 Table for more details.
Fig 7. NMDS analysis depicting differences in the structure between wood and sediment bacterial communities.Analysis were performed using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity based on the ARISA dataset. “At wood” (open symbols) and “Away wood” (closed symbols) samples changed with time in (a) EMed-CP-wood#1 and (b) EMed-CP-wood#5 experiments. Communities sampled after 1y of immersion are colored in black and communities after 3y in red. Different symbols of the sediment communities refer to the depth horizon sampled (circle = 0–1 cm, triangle = 1–2 cm, square = 4–5 cm and rhomb = 9–10cm), while wood samples are depicted with an asterisk. Note that topmost surface 0–2 cm “At wood” samples (open symbols) contained variable amounts of wood-chips mixed with sediment. NMDS plot (a) stress = 18% and NMDS plot (b) stress = 7.5%. Percentage of the shared ARISA OTUs between the wood and the sediment “At wood” and “Away wood” samples for the different immersion times is given in the tables below the NMDS panels. See S8 Table for associated results of the ANOSIM test.
Fig 8. Microsensor measurements of oxygen concentrations at wood influenced sediments.Measurements were performed at EMed-CP-At-wood#1 (a, b) and EMed-CP-At-wood#5 (c, d) sediments after 1 year (a, c) and 3 years (b, d). Oxygen measurement in (b) was performed in situ and in (a, c, d) ex situ. The sediment surface is indicated with dashed black line, denoting the boarder between the wood chip (brown color) and sediment layer (olive green color).
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