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Ecol Evol
2016 Dec 16;72:475-485. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2617.
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Geographic structure in the Southern Ocean circumpolar brittle star Ophionotus victoriae (Ophiuridae) revealed from mtDNA and single-nucleotide polymorphism data.
Galaska MP
,
Sands CJ
,
Santos SR
,
Mahon AR
,
Halanych KM
.
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Marine systems have traditionally been thought of as "open" with few barriers to gene flow. In particular, many marine organisms in the Southern Ocean purportedly possess circumpolar distributions that have rarely been well verified. Here, we use the highly abundant and endemic Southern Ocean brittle star Ophionotus victoriae to examine genetic structure and determine whether barriers to gene flow have existed around the Antarctic continent. Ophionotus victoriae possesses feeding planktotrophic larvae with presumed high dispersal capability, but a previous study revealed genetic structure along the Antarctic Peninsula. To test the extent of genetic differentiation within O. victoriae, we sampled from the Ross Sea through the eastern Weddell Sea. Whereas two mitochondrial DNA markers (16S rDNA and COI) were employed to allow comparison to earlier work, a 2b-RAD single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach allowed sampling of loci across the genome. Mitochondrial data from 414 individuals suggested three major lineages, but 2b-RAD data generated 1,999 biallelic loci that identified four geographically distinct groups from 89 samples. Given the greater resolution by SNP data, O. victoriae can be divided into geographically distinct populations likely representing multiple species. Specific historical scenarios that explain current population structure were examined with approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analyses. Although the Bransfield Strait region shows high diversity possibly due to mixing, our results suggest that within the recent past, dispersal processes due to strong currents such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current have not overcome genetic subdivision presumably due to historical isolation, questioning the idea of large open circumpolar populations in the Southern Ocean.
Figure 1. (a) Aboral view of Ophionotus victoriae. (b) Oral view of O. victoriae. (c) Yoâ€Yo camera image of SO benthic ecosystem consisting of many ophiuroid species including the dominant O. victoriae. This image was taken at a depth of 313 m, near Anderson Island at the south end of Antarctic Sound (−63°40′42.0″S 56°14′18.0″W). Photographs (a) and (b) kindly provided by Dr. Christoph Held[Correction added on 05 January 2017: Figure 1 has been updated in this version.]
Figure 2. Distribution of Ophionotus victoriae. Green dots represent sampling localities with 2bâ€RAD and mtDNA data, while orange dots represent localities where solely mtDNA was utilized. Due to the proximity of some localities, overlap on the map could not be avoided. Sampling localities in the Antarctic Peninsula inset that appear to be on land represent locations now open to the sea since the Larsen Ice Shelf broke away
Figure 4. Patterns of population structure for Ophionotus victoriae based on SNP data analyzed in STRUCTURE 2.3.4. (Pritchard et al., 2000) and visualized in DISTRUCT (Rosenberg, 2004) testing for the true number of populations (K). K = 4 is presented in the graph above as our most likely accurate K
Figure 5.
PCA results based on SNP data for samples labeled by the STRUCTURE's K = 4 genetic populations. Weddellâ€A/Bransfield population samples that intermix with the Ross Sea/Western Peninsula population were all from the sampling locality in the Bransfield Strait
Figure 6. Highest supported scenarios using Bayesian computation (ABC). In these scenarios, t# represents time in generations and is based off the four genetic populations identified by STRUCTURE. All three geographic regions split at approximately the same time with a more recent diversification in the Weddell Sea
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