Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
J Anal Methods Chem
2016 Jan 01;2016:5976324. doi: 10.1155/2016/5976324.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Determination of Levetiracetam in Human Plasma by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
Alcantara GK
,
Calixto LA
,
de Moraes LA
,
Queiroz RH
,
de Oliveira AR
,
de Gaitani CM
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic drug that is clinically effective in generalized and partial epilepsy syndromes. The use of this drug has been increasing in clinical practice and intra- or -interindividual variability has been exhibited for special population. For this reason, bioanalytical methods are required for drug monitoring in biological matrices. So this work presents a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DLLME-GC-MS) for LEV quantification in human plasma. However, due to the matrix complexity a previous purification step is required. Unlike other pretreatment techniques presented in the literature, for the first time, a procedure employing ultrafiltration tubes Amicon® (10 kDa porous size) without organic solvent consumption was developed. GC-MS analyses were carried out using a linear temperature program, capillary fused silica column, and helium as the carrier gas. DLLME optimized parameters were type and volume of extraction and dispersing solvents, salt addition, and vortex agitation time. Under chosen parameters (extraction solvent: chloroform, 130 μL; dispersing solvent: isopropyl alcohol, 400 μL; no salt addition and no vortex agitation time), the method was completely validated and all parameters were in agreement with the literature recommendations. LEV was quantified in patient''s plasma sample using less than 550 μL of organic solvent.
Figure 1. Chemical structures: (a) levetiracetam and (b) carbamazepine (IS).
Figure 2. Steps of DLLME procedure.
Figure 3. Optimization of DLLME procedure: (a) extraction solvent type, (b) dispersing solvent type, (c) extraction solvent (chloroform) volume, (d) dispersing solvent (isopropyl alcohol) volume, (e) vortex agitation time, and (f) salt addition.
Figure 4. GC-MS chromatograms obtained from the analysis of an extracted patient plasma sample: (a) patient sample after the levetiracetam intake (plasma concentration of levetiracetam was 25 μg mL−1) and (b) a drug-free plasma sample; SIM mode is (I) m/z 123 and (II) m/z 193.
Almeida,
Linear regression for calibration lines revisited: weighting schemes for bioanalytical methods.
2002, Pubmed
Almeida,
Linear regression for calibration lines revisited: weighting schemes for bioanalytical methods.
2002,
Pubmed
Bavili Tabrizi,
Analysis of piroxicam in pharmaceutical formulation and human urine by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with spectrophotometry.
2013,
Pubmed
Berzas Nevado,
Enantiomeric determination, validation and robustness studies of racemic citalopram in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis.
2005,
Pubmed
Carro,
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with programmed temperature vaporization-large volume injection-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for multiclass pesticides in water.
2012,
Pubmed
Chen,
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of clozapine and chlorpromazine in urine.
2011,
Pubmed
Contin,
Simple and validated HPLC-UV analysis of levetiracetam in deproteinized plasma of patients with epilepsy.
2008,
Pubmed
Deshpande,
Mechanisms of levetiracetam in the control of status epilepticus and epilepsy.
2014,
Pubmed
Fernández,
Analysis of drugs of abuse in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.
2015,
Pubmed
Ghambari,
Low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography for determination of warfarin in human plasma.
2012,
Pubmed
Greiner-Sosanko,
Drug monitoring: simultaneous analysis of lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, 10-hydroxycarbazepine, and zonisamide by HPLC-UV and a rapid GC method using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector for levetiracetam.
2007,
Pubmed
Guo,
Determination of levetiracetam in human plasma/serum/saliva by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
2007,
Pubmed
Heydari,
Rapid Enantiomeric Separation and Quantitation of Levetiracetam on α-Acid Glycoprotein (AGP) Chiral Stationary Phase by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.
2015,
Pubmed
Hu,
Molecular complex-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: analysis of polar compounds in aqueous solution.
2010,
Pubmed
Isoherranen,
Enantioselective analysis of levetiracetam and its enantiomer R-alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide using gas chromatography and ion trap mass spectrometric detection.
2000,
Pubmed
Jain,
Determination of levetiracetam in human plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and its application to bioequivalence studies.
2006,
Pubmed
Jouyban,
Determination of five antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.
2015,
Pubmed
Juenke,
Drug monitoring and toxicology: a procedure for the monitoring of levetiracetam and zonisamide by HPLC-UV.
2006,
Pubmed
Kim,
Simple and accurate quantitative analysis of ten antiepileptic drugs in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
2011,
Pubmed
Krasowski,
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of the Newer Anti-Epilepsy Medications.
2010,
Pubmed
López-Nogueroles,
Determination of atranol and chloroatranol in perfumes using simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
2014,
Pubmed
Matar,
Quantification of levetiracetam in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to therapeutic drug monitoring.
2008,
Pubmed
Melwanki,
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with semi-automated in-syringe back extraction as a new approach for the sample preparation of ionizable organic compounds prior to liquid chromatography.
2008,
Pubmed
Melwanki,
Determination of 7-aminoflunitrazepam in urine by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry.
2009,
Pubmed
Oláh,
Determination of ng/mL levetiracetam using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode absorbance.
2012,
Pubmed
Patsalos,
Pharmacokinetic profile of levetiracetam: toward ideal characteristics.
2000,
Pubmed
Patsalos,
Antiepileptic drugs--best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies.
2008,
Pubmed
Payán,
Electromembrane extraction (EME) and HPLC determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in wastewater samples.
2011,
Pubmed
Pucci,
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of Levetiracetam in human plasma: comparison of different sample clean-up procedures.
2004,
Pubmed
Ranjbari,
Preconcentration of trace amounts of methadone in human urine, plasma, saliva and sweat samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography.
2012,
Pubmed
Ratnaraj,
A micromethod for the determination of the new antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (ucb LO59) in serum or plasma by high performance liquid chromatography.
1996,
Pubmed
Rezaee,
Evolution of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method.
2010,
Pubmed
Rezaee,
Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
2006,
Pubmed
Saraji,
Comparison of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and hollow fiber liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil in water and biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.
2011,
Pubmed
Shamsipur,
Extraction and determination of opium alkaloids in urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
2011,
Pubmed
Soltani,
Analysis of losartan and carvedilol in urine and plasma samples using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction isocratic HPLC-UV method.
2012,
Pubmed
Vermeij,
Robust isocratic high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of seven antiepileptic drugs including lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine and zonisamide in serum after solid-phase extraction.
2007,
Pubmed
Vermeij,
High-performance liquid chromatographic and megabore gas-liquid chromatographic determination of levetiracetam (ucb L059) in human serum after solid-phase extraction.
1994,
Pubmed
Xiong,
Extraction and determination of some psychotropic drugs in urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
2009,
Pubmed
Zufía,
LC method for therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam: evaluation of the assay performance and validation of its application in the routine area.
2010,
Pubmed
