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PLoS One
2016 Oct 03;1110:e0165552. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165552.
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Genetic Population Structure of the Coral Reef Sea Star Linckia laevigata in the Western Indian Ocean and Indo-West Pacific.
Otwoma LM
,
Kochzius M
.
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The coral reef sea star Linckia laevigata is common on shallow water coral reefs of the Indo-West Pacific. Its large geographic distribution and comprehensive data from previous studies makes it suitable to examine genetic differentiation and connectivity over large geographical scales. Based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene this study investigates the genetic population structure and connectivity of L. laevigata in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) and compares it to previous studies in the Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago (IMPA). A total of 138 samples were collected from nine locations in the WIO. AMOVA revealed a low but significant ΦST-value of 0.024 for the WIO populations. In the hierarchical AMOVA, the following grouping rejected the hypothesis of panmixia: (1) Kenya (Watamu, Mombasa, Diani) and Tanzanian Island populations (Misali and Jambiani) and (2) the rest of the WIO sites (mainland Tanzania and Madagascar; ΦCT = 0.03). The genetic population structure was stronger and more significant (ΦST = 0.13) in the comparative analysis of WIO and IMPA populations. Three clades were identified in the haplotype network. The strong genetic differentiation (ΦCT = 0.199, P < 0.001) suggests that Indo-West Pacific populations of L. laevigata can be grouped into four biogeographic regions: (1) WIO (2) Eastern Indian Ocean (3) IMPA and (4) Western Pacific. The findings of this study support the existence of a genetic break in the Indo-West Pacific consistent with the effect of lowered sea level during the Pleistocene, which limited gene flow between the Pacific and Indian Ocean.
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27798700
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Fig 1. Maps of the (A) Indo-West Pacific, (B) Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago (IMPA) and (C) Western Indian Ocean (WIO) with sample sites (for abbreviations see Tables 1 and 2), as well as oceanographic patterns (WIO; during the Northeast Monsoon), with dominant (solid lines) and seasonally changing (dashed lines; IMPA) currents [28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. EACC, East African Coast Current; ITF, Indonesian Throughflow; MC, Mozambique Current; MCE, Mozambique Channel Eddies; NEMC, Northeast Madagascar Current; NECC, Northern Equatorial Counter Current; SC, Somali Current; SEC, Southern Equatorial Current; SECC, South Equatorial Counter Current; SEMC, Southeast Madagascar Current. The dashed line in (C) indicates the genetic differentiation between northern and southern populations in the WIO. Pleistocene maximum sea level low stand of 120 m is indicated by the light grey area ([5] IMPA). Pie charts represent the proportion of clades defined in the haplotype network at the different sample sites. (D) Haplotype network based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences. Large circles represent haplotypes and lines represent one mutational step. Numbers indicate additional mutational steps, while small circles represent missing intermediate haplotypes. The size of the circles is proportional to haplotype frequency. (A) and (C) are based on maps drawn with the software MapCreator, (B) is based on a map from [5].
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