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PLoS One
2016 May 04;115:e0153977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153977.
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Geomorphology Drives Amphibian Beta Diversity in Atlantic Forest Lowlands of Southeastern Brazil.
Luiz AM
,
Leão-Pires TA
,
Sawaya RJ
.
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Beta diversity patterns are the outcome of multiple processes operating at different scales. Amphibian assemblages seem to be affected by contemporary climate and dispersal-based processes. However, historical processes involved in present patterns of beta diversity remain poorly understood. We assess and disentangle geomorphological, climatic and spatial drivers of amphibian beta diversity in coastal lowlands of the Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that geomorphological factors are more important in structuring anuran beta diversity than climatic and spatial factors. We obtained species composition via field survey (N = 766 individuals), museum specimens (N = 9,730) and literature records (N = 4,763). Sampling area was divided in four spatially explicit geomorphological units, representing historical predictors. Climatic descriptors were represented by the first two axis of a Principal Component Analysis. Spatial predictors in different spatial scales were described by Moran Eigenvector Maps. Redundancy Analysis was implemented to partition the explained variation of species composition by geomorphological, climatic and spatial predictors. Moreover, spatial autocorrelation analyses were used to test neutral theory predictions. Beta diversity was spatially structured in broader scales. Shared fraction between climatic and geomorphological variables was an important predictor of species composition (13%), as well as broad scale spatial predictors (13%). However, geomorphological variables alone were the most important predictor of beta diversity (42%). Historical factors related to geomorphology must have played a crucial role in structuring amphibian beta diversity. The complex relationships between geomorphological history and climatic gradients generated by the Serra do Mar Precambrian basements were also important. We highlight the importance of combining spatially explicit historical and contemporary predictors for understanding and disentangling major drivers of beta diversity patterns.
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Fig 1. Study region on the coastal plains of Precambrian basements in Serra do Mar, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil.The grid cells are grouped according to their respective geomorphological unit described by Suguio and Martin [40]. The main divisions group Bertioga/São Sebastião and Ubatuba units in north (green and purple cells, respectively) where Precambrian basements reach the sea, and Cananéia/Iguape and Santos/Itanhaém (red and yellow cells, respectively) units in south have larger coastal plains generated by differential uplift of the Serra do Mar. Points represent sample sites where we carried out fieldwork.
Fig 3. Study region with site scores of the two first axes of partial redundancy analysis (RDA).Scores of the two first axes of partial redundancy analysis were constrained by all predictors: geomorphological, climatic, broad, and fine scale variables. The cell size represents scores of axes and color represents negative and positive scores (white and black, respectively). The first axis (a) described 55% and the second (b) described 14.2% of variation of anuran composition along Atlantic Forest lowlands in coastal plains of southeastern Brazil.
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