Herrera CS et al. (2016), Pseudocospeciation of the mycoparasite Cosmospo...

ECB-ART-44635

Ecol Evol 2016 Feb 09;65:1504-14. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1967.

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Pseudocospeciation of the mycoparasite Cosmospora with their fungal hosts.

Herrera CS , Hirooka Y , Chaverri P .

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Species of Cosmospora are parasites of other fungi (mycoparasites), including species belonging to the Xylariales. Based on prior taxonomic work, these fungi were determined to be highly host specific. We suspected that the association of Cosmospora and their hosts could not be a result of random chance, and tested the cospeciation of Cosmospora and the their hosts with contemporary methods (e.g., ParaFit, PACo, and Jane). The cophylogeny of Cosmospora and their hosts was found to be congruent, but only host-parasite links in more recent evolutionary lineages of the host were determined as coevolutionary. Reconciliation reconstructions determined at least five host-switch events early in the evolution of Cosmospora. Additionally, the rates of evolution between Cosmospora and their hosts were unequal. This pattern is more likely to be explained by pseudocospeciation (i.e., host switches followed by cospeciation), which also produces congruent cophylogenies.

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Genes referenced: LOC100893907 LOC115922275

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	Figure 1. Cosmospora species. (A) Cosmospora perithecia (reddish). (B) Median section of Cosmospora perithecia (stained in Lactic Acid: yellow) and fruiting body of xylariaceous host (dark). Cosmospora perithecia growing directly above the host perithecia (empty spaces).
	Figure 2. Tanglegram between Cosmospora (red, right) and host (black, left) phylogenies. Solid lines between Cosmospora species and the host indicate host–parasite associations. ML bootstraps are provided for each node. Taxa abbreviations for hosts are as follows: Annulohypoxylon bovei (Abo), A. cohaerens (Aco), Biscogniauxia capnodes (Bca), Diatrype stigma (Dst), Eutypa lata (Ela), Eutypella scoparia (Esc), Hypoxylon fragiforme (Hfr), H. “khandalensis” (Asp), Kretzschmaria clavus (Kcl), K. deusta (Kde), Stilbohypoxylon quisquiliarum (Squ), Xylaria polymorpha (Xpo), X. scruposa (Xsc); for the mycoparasites: Cosmospora annulohypoxili (Can), C. arxii (Car), C. clavi (Ccl), C. khandalensis (Ckh), C. novaezelandica (Cno), C. scruposae (Csc), Cosmospora sp. (Csp), C. stilbohypoxili (Cst), C. ustulinae (Cus), Dialonectria episphaeria (Dep), Pseudocosmospora eutypae (Pe1), P. eutypellae (Pe2), and P. joca (Pjo).
	Figure 3. Procrustean superimposition plot of Cosmospora and fungal hosts. The ordinations of Cosmospora and their fungal hosts are Principal Correspondence Coordinates of patristic distances. The Cosmospora configuration (dots) has been rotated and scaled to fit the fungal hosts ordination (arrow tips). See Fig. 2 legend for abbreviations of taxa.
	Figure 4. Contributions of individual host–parasite links to the Procrustean fit. Jacknifed squared residuals (bars) and upper 95% confidence intervals (error bars) resulting from applying PACo to patristic distances. Asterisks identify links significantly supported (α = 0.05) by ParaFitLink1. The median squared residual value is shown as a dashed line. See Fig. 2 legend for abbreviations of taxa.
	Figure 5. Reconciliation between Cosmospora and host phylogenies. One of 263 isomorphic solutions with seven cospeciations, five duplications, and host switches, and three losses (total cost = 13). The reconciliation of Cosmospora and host trees was generated with Jane v.4. Blue and black lines represent Cosmospora and their fungal hosts, respectively. Empty circles represent cospeciations; arrows represent host switches; and dashed lines represent sorting events. See Fig. 2 legend for abbreviations of taxa.
	Figure 6. Equally parsimonious reconciliation between Cosmospora and host phylogenies. One of 68 isomorphic solutions with six cospeciations, six duplications, and host switches, and one loss (total cost = 13). The reconciliation of Cosmospora and host trees was generated with Jane v.4. Blue and black lines represent Cosmospora and their fungal hosts, respectively. Empty circles represent cospeciations; arrows represent host switches; and dashed lines represent sorting events. See Fig. 2 legend for abbreviations of taxa.
	Figure 7. Plot of analogous host and parasite branches for terminal taxa of hosts and terminal taxa of Cosmospora based on fourfold‐degenerate sites. The slope of the line (Model II regression analysis) is 1.644 with a marginally significant y‐intercept (−0.054; P = 0.091). These results suggest that the rate of substitutions in tub2 is roughly 1.5 times faster in Cosmospora compared to their hosts and that parasite divergence was slightly after the host divergence.

References [+] :

Balbuena, PACo: a novel procrustes application to cophylogenetic analysis. 2013, Pubmed