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PLoS One
2016 Mar 04;113:e0150393. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150393.
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Facing the Heat: Thermoregulation and Behaviour of Lowland Species of a Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus, Erebia.
Kleckova I
,
Klecka J
.
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Understanding the potential of animals to immediately respond to changing temperatures is imperative for predicting the effects of climate change on biodiversity. Ectothermic animals, such as insects, use behavioural thermoregulation to keep their body temperature within suitable limits. It may be particularly important at warm margins of species occurrence, where populations are sensitive to increasing air temperatures. In the field, we studied thermal requirements and behavioural thermoregulation in low-altitude populations of the Satyrinae butterflies Erebia aethiops, E. euryale and E. medusa. We compared the relationship of individual body temperature with air and microhabitat temperatures for the low-altitude Erebia species to our data on seven mountain species, including a high-altitude population of E. euryale, studied in the Alps. We found that the grassland butterfly E. medusa was well adapted to the warm lowland climate and it was active under the highest air temperatures and kept the highest body temperature of all species. Contrarily, the woodland species, E. aethiops and a low-altitude population of E. euryale, kept lower body temperatures and did not search for warm microclimates as much as other species. Furthermore, temperature-dependence of daily activities also differed between the three low-altitude and the mountain species. Lastly, the different responses to ambient temperature between the low- and high-altitude populations of E. euryale suggest possible local adaptations to different climates. We highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity for long-term species survival, because it is expected to buffer climate change consequences by providing a variety of microclimates, which can be actively explored by adults. Alpine species can take advantage of warm microclimates, while low-altitude grassland species may retreat to colder microhabitats to escape heat, if needed. However, we conclude that lowland populations of woodland species may be more severely threatened by climate warming because of the unavailability of relatively colder microclimates.
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???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC4805286 ???displayArticle.link???PLoS One
Fig 1. Body temperature depends on air and microhabitat temperatures.The relationship between body temperature Tb and air temperature Ta (A-D) and body temperature and microhabitat temperature Tm (E-H) in two lowland species of Erebia butterflies and in low- (E. euryale-CZ) and high-altitude (E. euryale-Alps) populations of a mountain species, E. euryale. See Table 2 for detailed results of statistical tests.
Fig 2. Comparison of body temperatures of lowland and alpine species and populations.The dependence of body temperature Tb on air temperature Ta (A) and on microhabitat temperature Tm (B) of low-altitude (orange lines) and high-altitude (blue lines) species of Erebia butterflies fitted by generalized additive models. Two populations of E. euryale are shown in red (low-altitude) and dark blue (high-altitude). Only the fitted lines are shown to facilitate comparison. See Table 2 for detailed results of statistical tests.
Fig 3. Behavioural thermoregulation is manifested by selectivity for microhabitats with temperature differing from the air temperature.Mean difference between microhabitat and air temperature Tm − Ta for individual species; vertical bars denote 95% confidence intervals (A). Data for settling and nectaring individuals of lowland (orange circles) and mountain (blue circles) Erebia butterflies are shown. The dependence of microhabitat temperature Tm on air temperature Ta for individual species and populations of lowland (B-D) and alpine (E-K) butterflies. Dotted lines show Tm = Ta.
Fig 4. Main types of behaviour are affected by the air temperature.The dependence of the proportion of settling, nectaring and flying individuals on air temperature Ta in individual species of Erebia butterflies as estimated by generalized additive models (GAM). Only species with at least some significant trends are displayed; full results of the GAMs are shown in Table 3.
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