Ingberman B et al. (2016), A Current Perspective on the Historical Geograp...

ECB-ART-44549

PLoS One 2016 Mar 04;113:e0150906. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150906.

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A Current Perspective on the Historical Geographic Distribution of the Endangered Muriquis (Brachyteles spp.): Implications for Conservation.

Ingberman B , Fusco-Costa R , Monteiro-Filho EL .

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The muriqui (Brachyteles spp.), endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, is the largest primate in South America and is endangered, mainly due to habitat loss. Its distribution limits are still uncertain and need to be resolved in order to determine their true conservation status. Species distribution modeling (SDM) has been used to estimate potential species distributions, even when information is incomplete. Here, we developed an environmental suitability model for the two endangered species of muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus and B. arachnoides) using Maxent software. Due to historical absence of muriquis, areas with predicted high habitat suitability yet historically never occupied, were excluded from the predicted historical distribution. Combining that information with the model, it is evident that rivers are potential dispersal barriers for the muriquis. Moreover, although the two species are environmentally separated in a large part of its distribution, there is a potential contact zone where the species apparently do not overlap. This separation might be due to either a physical (i.e., Serra da Mantiqueira mountains) or a biotic barrier (the species exclude one another). Therefore, in addition to environmental characteristics, physical and biotic barriers potentially shaped the limits of the muriqui historical range. Based on these considerations, we proposed the adjustment of their historical distributional limits. Currently only 7.6% of the predicted historical distribution of B. hypoxanthus and 12.9% of B. arachnoides remains forested and able to sustain viable muriqui populations. In addition to measurement of habitat loss we also identified areas for conservation concern where new muriqui populations might be found.

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Genes referenced: LOC100893907 LOC115925287 LOC115925415

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	Fig 1. Environmental suitability map for the muriquis species.(A) B. hypoxanthus showing modeled presence localities as white triangles. (B) B. arachnoides showing modeled presence localities as white circles. Abbreviations of Brazilian states: PE–Pernambuco, BA–Bahia, GO–Goiás, MG–Minas Gerais, ES–Espírito Santo, RJ–Rio de Janeiro, SP–São Paulo, MS–Mato Grosso do Sul, PR–Paraná, SC–Santa Catarina and RS–Rio Grande do Sul.
	Fig 2. Historical distribution map for the muriquis species.(A) B. hypoxanthus showing modeled presence localities as black triangles. (B) B. arachnoides showing modeled presence localities as black circles. Historical distribution maps are indicated by a thick black line and the Serra da Mantiqueira region by a red line. Blue lines indicated rivers as stated below: 1 –Paraguaçu River; 2 –Itanhém (or Mucuri) River; 3 –Doce River; 4—Paraíba do Sul River; 5—Paraná River; 6 –Ribeira de Iguape River. State abbreviations, see Fig 1. * localities out of the historical range (georeferenced points refer to municipality, due to lack of the exact locality information).
	Fig 3. Map of the potencial distribution of muriquis species showing the range overlap of both species.B. hypoxanthus (black triangle) potential (yellow area) and historical (hatched area) distribution; B. arachnoides (black circles) potential (blue area) and historical (stippled area) distribution, showing range overlap (green area) of both species. Inset the Serra da Mantiqueira region (red line). State abbreviations, see Fig 1.
	Fig 4. Historical distribution of muriquis species showing forest remnants and restricted protected areas.Forest remnants larger than 1 km2 (gray areas) and 115 km2 (yellow areas) highlighting the restricted protected areas (green line) inside the historical distribution (thick gray line) of (A) B. hypoxanthus and (B) B. arachnoides. Black circles represent current localities and black triangles represent historical localities. Restricted Protected areas: 1 –Wenceslau Guimarães Ecological Station; 2 –Boa Vista National Park; 3—Una Biological Reserve; 4—Pau Brasil National Park; 5 –Monte Pascoal National Park and Descobrimento National Park; 6 –Serra Negra State Park; 7 –Sete Salões State Park; 8 –Serra do Rola Moça State Park and Fechos Ecological Station; 9 –Itacolomi State Park; 10 –Serra do Ouro Branco State Park; 11 –Mata das Flores State Park; 12—Serra do Papagaio State Park; 13 –Tinguá Biological Reserve. * represents others indicated areas to survey. State abbreviations, see Fig 1.

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Ayres, River boundaries and species range size in Amazonian primates. 1992, Pubmed